virus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
79:5818–5822
26. Holt CA, Beachy RN (1991) ln vivo complementation of infectious transcripts from
mutant tobacco mosaic virus cDNAs in transgenic plants. Virology 181:109–117
27. Citovsky V, Knorr D, Schuster G, Zambryski P
(1990) The P30 movement protein of tobacco
mosaic virus is a single-strand nucleic acid
binding protein. Cell 60:637–647
28. Oparka KJ, Prior DAM, Santa Cruz S et al
(1997) Gating of epidermal plasmodesmata is
restricted to the leading edge of expanding
infection sites of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Plant J 12:781–789
29. Niehl A, Amari K, Gereige D et al (2012)
Control of tobacco mosaic virus movement
protein fate by cell-division-cycle protein48.
Plant Physiol 160:2093–2108
30. Reichel C, Beachy RN (2000) Degradation of
tobacco mosaic virus movement protein by the
26S proteasome. J Virol 74:3330–3337
31. Heinlein M, Epel BL, Padgett HS, Beachy RN
(1995) Interaction of tobamovirus movement
proteins with the plant cytoskeleton. Science
270:1983–1985
32. Heinlein M, Padgett HS, Gens JS et al (1998)
Changing patterns of localization of the
tobacco mosaic virus movement protein and
replicase to the endoplasmic reticulum and
microtubules during infection. Plant Cell
10:1107–1120
33. Boyko V, Ferralli J, Ashby J et al (2000) Function of microtubules in intercellular transport
of plant virus RNA. Nat Cell Biol 2:826–832
34. Boyko V, Hu Q, Seemanpillai M et al (2007)
Validation of microtubule-associated tobacco
mosaic virus RNA movement and involvement
of microtubule-aligned particle trafficking.
Plant J 51:589–603
35. Sambade A, Brandner K, Hofmann C et al
(2008) Transport of TMV movement protein
particles associated with the targeting of RNA
to plasmodesmata. Traffic 9:2073–2088
36. Pen ˜a EJ, Heinlein M (2013) Cortical
microtubule-associated ER sites: organization
centers of cell polarity and communication.
Curr Opin Plant Biol 16:764–773
37. Boyko V, Ashby JA, Suslova E et al (2002)
Intramolecular complementing mutations in
tobacco mosaic virus movement protein confirm a role for microtubule association in viral
RNA transport. J Virol 76:3974–3980
38. Boyko V, Ferralli J, Heinlein M (2000) Cell-tocell movement of TMV RNA is temperaturedependent and corresponds to the association
of movement protein with microtubules. Plant
J 22:315–325
39. Amari K, Di Donato M, Dolja VV, Heinlein M
(2014) Myosins VIII and XI play distinct roles
in reproduction and transport of tobacco
mosaic virus. PLoS Pathog 10:e1004448
40. Hofmann C, Niehl A, Sambade A et al (2009)
Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus movement
by expression of an actin-binding protein. Plant
Physiol 149:1810–1823
41. Pitzalis N, Heinlein M (2017) The roles of
membranes and associated cytoskeleton in
plant virus replication and cell-to-cell movement. J Exp Bot 69:117–132
42. Shashkova S, Leake MC (2017) Singlemolecule fluorescence microscopy review:
shedding new light on old problems. Biosci
Rep 37:BSR20170031
43. Christensen N, Tilsner J, Bell K et al (2009)
The 5’cap of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is
required for virion attachment to the actin/
endoplasmic reticulum network during early
infection. Traffic 10:536–551
44. Sokol DL, Zhang X, Lu P, Gewirtz AM (1998)
Real time detection of DNA·RNA hybridization in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
95:11538–11543
45. Cheong C-G, Hall TMT (2006) Engineering
RNA sequence specificity of Pumilio repeats.
Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:13635–13639
46. Adamala KP, Martin-Alarcon DA, Boyden ES
(2016) Programmable RNA-binding protein
composed of repeats of a single modular unit.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:2579–2588
47. Nelles DA, Fang MY, O’Connell MR et al
(2016) Programmable RNA tracking in live
cells with CRISPR/Cas9. Cell 165:488–496
48. Paige JS, Wu KY, Jaffrey SR (2011) RNA
mimics of green fluorescent protein. Science
333:642–646
49. Babendure JR, Adams SR, Tsien RY (2003)
Aptamers switch on fluorescence of triphenylmethane
dyes.
J
Am
Chem
Soc
125:14716–14717
50. Bertrand E, Chartrand P, Schaefer M et al
(1998) Localization of ASH1 mRNA particles
in living yeast. Mol Cell 2:437–445
51. Urbanek
MO,
Galka-Marciniak
P,
Olejniczak M, Krzyzosiak WJ (2014) RNA
imaging in living cells - methods and applications. RNA Biol 11:1083–1095
52. George L, Indig FE, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe
M (2018) Intracellular RNA-tracking methods. Open Biol 8:180104
53. van Gijtenbeek LA, Kok J (2017) Illuminating
messengers: an update and outlook on RNA
RNA Imaging in Plants Using MS2
119
79:5818–5822
26. Holt CA, Beachy RN (1991) ln vivo complementation of infectious transcripts from
mutant tobacco mosaic virus cDNAs in transgenic plants. Virology 181:109–117
27. Citovsky V, Knorr D, Schuster G, Zambryski P
(1990) The P30 movement protein of tobacco
mosaic virus is a single-strand nucleic acid
binding protein. Cell 60:637–647
28. Oparka KJ, Prior DAM, Santa Cruz S et al
(1997) Gating of epidermal plasmodesmata is
restricted to the leading edge of expanding
infection sites of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Plant J 12:781–789
29. Niehl A, Amari K, Gereige D et al (2012)
Control of tobacco mosaic virus movement
protein fate by cell-division-cycle protein48.
Plant Physiol 160:2093–2108
30. Reichel C, Beachy RN (2000) Degradation of
tobacco mosaic virus movement protein by the
26S proteasome. J Virol 74:3330–3337
31. Heinlein M, Epel BL, Padgett HS, Beachy RN
(1995) Interaction of tobamovirus movement
proteins with the plant cytoskeleton. Science
270:1983–1985
32. Heinlein M, Padgett HS, Gens JS et al (1998)
Changing patterns of localization of the
tobacco mosaic virus movement protein and
replicase to the endoplasmic reticulum and
microtubules during infection. Plant Cell
10:1107–1120
33. Boyko V, Ferralli J, Ashby J et al (2000) Function of microtubules in intercellular transport
of plant virus RNA. Nat Cell Biol 2:826–832
34. Boyko V, Hu Q, Seemanpillai M et al (2007)
Validation of microtubule-associated tobacco
mosaic virus RNA movement and involvement
of microtubule-aligned particle trafficking.
Plant J 51:589–603
35. Sambade A, Brandner K, Hofmann C et al
(2008) Transport of TMV movement protein
particles associated with the targeting of RNA
to plasmodesmata. Traffic 9:2073–2088
36. Pen ˜a EJ, Heinlein M (2013) Cortical
microtubule-associated ER sites: organization
centers of cell polarity and communication.
Curr Opin Plant Biol 16:764–773
37. Boyko V, Ashby JA, Suslova E et al (2002)
Intramolecular complementing mutations in
tobacco mosaic virus movement protein confirm a role for microtubule association in viral
RNA transport. J Virol 76:3974–3980
38. Boyko V, Ferralli J, Heinlein M (2000) Cell-tocell movement of TMV RNA is temperaturedependent and corresponds to the association
of movement protein with microtubules. Plant
J 22:315–325
39. Amari K, Di Donato M, Dolja VV, Heinlein M
(2014) Myosins VIII and XI play distinct roles
in reproduction and transport of tobacco
mosaic virus. PLoS Pathog 10:e1004448
40. Hofmann C, Niehl A, Sambade A et al (2009)
Inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus movement
by expression of an actin-binding protein. Plant
Physiol 149:1810–1823
41. Pitzalis N, Heinlein M (2017) The roles of
membranes and associated cytoskeleton in
plant virus replication and cell-to-cell movement. J Exp Bot 69:117–132
42. Shashkova S, Leake MC (2017) Singlemolecule fluorescence microscopy review:
shedding new light on old problems. Biosci
Rep 37:BSR20170031
43. Christensen N, Tilsner J, Bell K et al (2009)
The 5’cap of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is
required for virion attachment to the actin/
endoplasmic reticulum network during early
infection. Traffic 10:536–551
44. Sokol DL, Zhang X, Lu P, Gewirtz AM (1998)
Real time detection of DNA·RNA hybridization in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
95:11538–11543
45. Cheong C-G, Hall TMT (2006) Engineering
RNA sequence specificity of Pumilio repeats.
Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:13635–13639
46. Adamala KP, Martin-Alarcon DA, Boyden ES
(2016) Programmable RNA-binding protein
composed of repeats of a single modular unit.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:2579–2588
47. Nelles DA, Fang MY, O’Connell MR et al
(2016) Programmable RNA tracking in live
cells with CRISPR/Cas9. Cell 165:488–496
48. Paige JS, Wu KY, Jaffrey SR (2011) RNA
mimics of green fluorescent protein. Science
333:642–646
49. Babendure JR, Adams SR, Tsien RY (2003)
Aptamers switch on fluorescence of triphenylmethane
dyes.
J
Am
Chem
Soc
125:14716–14717
50. Bertrand E, Chartrand P, Schaefer M et al
(1998) Localization of ASH1 mRNA particles
in living yeast. Mol Cell 2:437–445
51. Urbanek
MO,
Galka-Marciniak
P,
Olejniczak M, Krzyzosiak WJ (2014) RNA
imaging in living cells - methods and applications. RNA Biol 11:1083–1095
52. George L, Indig FE, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe
M (2018) Intracellular RNA-tracking methods. Open Biol 8:180104
53. van Gijtenbeek LA, Kok J (2017) Illuminating
messengers: an update and outlook on RNA
RNA Imaging in Plants Using MS2
119