11.4 Summary
A golden rule of catalytic material engineering is that, to be able to design it, we
have to understand it. There are different scales at which a catalyst is approached,
designed and manufactured. At microscopic level, the focus of this chapter, fundamental relationships between catalyst structure and activity are surveyed with the
aid of advanced methods for catalyst surface characterisation. Since reactions occur
exclusively on the very surface of the material in heterogeneous catalysis, there are
in fact only a few methods able to analyse surface structure. However, any bulk
analytical method becomes a surface method when combined with probing with
Fig. 11.12 Heterogeneity of pre-calcined Kanthal steel (Al sample) deposited with cobalt oxide
and doped with palladium, imaged by interfaced AFM/Raman microscopy. a AFM topography
map 30 Â 30 µm; b Raman coupled map of the same size and the same area as in (a), obtained
using two marker bands of Co 3 O 4 (685 cm
−1
) and PdO (654 cm
−1
); c exemplary Raman spectrum
of Co 3 O 4 ; d exemplary Raman spectrum of PdO Reprinted with permission from [109], copyright
(2018) Elsevier
352
P. Jodłowski and J. Łojewska
A golden rule of catalytic material engineering is that, to be able to design it, we
have to understand it. There are different scales at which a catalyst is approached,
designed and manufactured. At microscopic level, the focus of this chapter, fundamental relationships between catalyst structure and activity are surveyed with the
aid of advanced methods for catalyst surface characterisation. Since reactions occur
exclusively on the very surface of the material in heterogeneous catalysis, there are
in fact only a few methods able to analyse surface structure. However, any bulk
analytical method becomes a surface method when combined with probing with
Fig. 11.12 Heterogeneity of pre-calcined Kanthal steel (Al sample) deposited with cobalt oxide
and doped with palladium, imaged by interfaced AFM/Raman microscopy. a AFM topography
map 30 Â 30 µm; b Raman coupled map of the same size and the same area as in (a), obtained
using two marker bands of Co 3 O 4 (685 cm
−1
) and PdO (654 cm
−1
); c exemplary Raman spectrum
of Co 3 O 4 ; d exemplary Raman spectrum of PdO Reprinted with permission from [109], copyright
(2018) Elsevier
352
P. Jodłowski and J. Łojewska