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P. H. Havea and A. De Ramon N’Yeurt
Climate Change and Science Linkages
The first cord of the strand is about the relationship between climate change and
science. From what is known in the literature (IPCC 2014a, 2014b) this relationship is
vital and the strongest one in fighting against climate change because science provides
the scientific evidence and sets future development goals, targets and objectives
to be achieved by 2030 and beyond. For instance, the United Nations Framework
Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Sendai Framework, and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
As a result, this concept represents a broad state-of-the-art of science in climate
change. Stakeholder groups may include but are not limited to the State (government),
researchers, scientists and relevant stakeholders explaining the scientific assessment
on the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies to the affected communities. For example, in the literature (IPCC 2014a, 2014b), there are four primary
impacts of climate change that require science-informed inputs: livelihood impacts,
health impacts (WHO 2015; USGCRP 2016), well-being impacts (Nunn et al. 2016;
Havea et al. 2018b) and sustainability impacts.
a. Impact on livelihoods and adaptation strategies
The first element of this cord represents the negative impacts of climate change
on livelihood. In the literature, these negative impacts include the adverse effects on
agriculture, coastal area management, energy and infrastructure, education, fishing
and fishery, forestry, tourism and water resources. The theme represents climate adaptation strategies: livelihood adaptation. These includes sustainable farming and agriculture, reforestation and replanting of mangrove and other plant species in coastal
areas and zone, the building of seawalls, building of sustainable energy and climateresilient infrastructure, integrating climate change into the school curriculum, implementation of the Small Management Area (SMA) system in affected communities,
conservation and/or turning desert into a forest and improving water resources (IPCC
2014a, 2014b; Ledley et al. 2017; Nagy et al. 2017; Yuan et al. 2017; Wosnitza et al.
2018; Havea et al. 2019b).
b. Impact on health and adaptation strategies
The second element is the impacts of climate change on health. In the literature,
the theme used for this category is diseases. Climate-related diseases have been categorised into two major health problems. First, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
include several diseases such as pneumonia
1 (Nisar et al. 2007; Walter et al. 2008),
asthma, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, injuries, death and others
(Friel et al. 2011). Second, Communicable Diseases (CD) include malaria, diarrhoeal
diseases, dengue, typhoid fever, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), leptospirosis
and others. However, the management of these health problems is mandated under
the health adaptation and/or Resilience (CCA & DRR) in health program organised
1 Contagious when caused by small respiratory droplets, in which it contains Mycoplasma
Pneumoniae, the bacteria that get people infected when they inhale them intrinsically.
P. H. Havea and A. De Ramon N’Yeurt
Climate Change and Science Linkages
The first cord of the strand is about the relationship between climate change and
science. From what is known in the literature (IPCC 2014a, 2014b) this relationship is
vital and the strongest one in fighting against climate change because science provides
the scientific evidence and sets future development goals, targets and objectives
to be achieved by 2030 and beyond. For instance, the United Nations Framework
Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Sendai Framework, and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).
As a result, this concept represents a broad state-of-the-art of science in climate
change. Stakeholder groups may include but are not limited to the State (government),
researchers, scientists and relevant stakeholders explaining the scientific assessment
on the impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies to the affected communities. For example, in the literature (IPCC 2014a, 2014b), there are four primary
impacts of climate change that require science-informed inputs: livelihood impacts,
health impacts (WHO 2015; USGCRP 2016), well-being impacts (Nunn et al. 2016;
Havea et al. 2018b) and sustainability impacts.
a. Impact on livelihoods and adaptation strategies
The first element of this cord represents the negative impacts of climate change
on livelihood. In the literature, these negative impacts include the adverse effects on
agriculture, coastal area management, energy and infrastructure, education, fishing
and fishery, forestry, tourism and water resources. The theme represents climate adaptation strategies: livelihood adaptation. These includes sustainable farming and agriculture, reforestation and replanting of mangrove and other plant species in coastal
areas and zone, the building of seawalls, building of sustainable energy and climateresilient infrastructure, integrating climate change into the school curriculum, implementation of the Small Management Area (SMA) system in affected communities,
conservation and/or turning desert into a forest and improving water resources (IPCC
2014a, 2014b; Ledley et al. 2017; Nagy et al. 2017; Yuan et al. 2017; Wosnitza et al.
2018; Havea et al. 2019b).
b. Impact on health and adaptation strategies
The second element is the impacts of climate change on health. In the literature,
the theme used for this category is diseases. Climate-related diseases have been categorised into two major health problems. First, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
include several diseases such as pneumonia
1 (Nisar et al. 2007; Walter et al. 2008),
asthma, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, injuries, death and others
(Friel et al. 2011). Second, Communicable Diseases (CD) include malaria, diarrhoeal
diseases, dengue, typhoid fever, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), leptospirosis
and others. However, the management of these health problems is mandated under
the health adaptation and/or Resilience (CCA & DRR) in health program organised
1 Contagious when caused by small respiratory droplets, in which it contains Mycoplasma
Pneumoniae, the bacteria that get people infected when they inhale them intrinsically.