Weather radars have also demonstrated a huge potential for real-time flood
forecasting applications. Weather radar enables the monitoring of extreme weather
events. Radar rainfall can be used to produce short-term precipitation forecasts using
nowcasting models. The combination of radar measurements and forecasts with
other models (e.g. hydrological models or flood models) enables the forecasting of
high-water levels in rivers or potential areas likely to be affected by flooding.
References
1. Fabry F (2015) Radar meteorology: principles and practice. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
2. Raghavan S (2013) Radar meteorology, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht
3. Rinehart RE (1997) Radar for meteorologists. Rinehart Publishing, Grand Forks
4. Atlas D, Ulbrich CW (1977) Path-and area-integrated rainfall measurement by microwave
attenuation in the 1-3 cm band. J Appl Meteorol 16(12):1322–1331
5. Marshall JS, Palmer WMK (1948) The distribution of raindrops with size. J Meteorol 5
(4):165–166
6. Marshall J, Hitschfeld W, Gunn K (1955) Advances in radar weather. Adv Geophys 2:1–56
7. Battan LJ (1973) Radar observation of the atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
8. Bringi V, Chandrasekar V (2001) Polarimetric Doppler weather radar: principles and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
9. Borga M (2002) Accuracy of radar rainfall estimates for streamflow simulation. J Hydrol 267
(1):26–39
10. Browning K, Collier C (1989) Nowcasting of precipitation systems. Rev Geophys 27
(3):345–370
11. Fabry F, Austin G, Tees D (1992) The accuracy of rainfall estimates by radar as a function of
range. Q J R Meteorol Soc 118(505):435–453
12. Hunter SM (1996) WSR-88D radar rainfall estimation: capabilities, limitations and potential
improvements. Natl Weather Dig 20(4):26–38
13. Joss J, Waldvogel A, Collier C (1990) Precipitation measurement and hydrology. In: Radar in
meteorology. Springer, Berlin, pp 577–606
14. Krajewski WF, Smith J (2002) Radar hydrology: rainfall estimation. Adv Water Resour 25
(8):1387–1394
15. Smith JA, Seo DJ, Baeck ML, Hudlow MD (1996) An intercomparison study of NEXRAD
precipitation estimates. Water Resour Res 32(7):2035–2045
16. Villarini G, Krajewski WF (2010) Review of the different sources of uncertainty in single
polarization radar-based estimates of rainfall. Surv Geophys 31(1):107–129
17. Wilson JW, Brandes EA (1979) Radar measurement of rainfall – a summary. Bull Am
Meteorol Soc 60(9):1048–1058
18. Young B, Nelson BR, Bradley AA, Smith JA, Peters-Lidard CD, Kruger A, Baeck ML (1999)
An evaluation of NEXRAD precipitation estimates in complex terrain. J Geophys Res 104
(D16):19691–19703
19. Zawadzki I (1984) Factors affecting the precision of radar measurements of rain. In: Conference on radar meteorology, 22nd, Zurich, Switzerland, pp 251–256
20. Whiton RC, Smith Jr P, Harbuck A (1977) Calibration of weather radar systems using the sun
as a radio source. In: 17th conference on radar meteorology, pp 60–65
21. Altube P, Bech J, Argemí O, Rigo T (2015) Quality control of antenna alignment and receiver
calibration using the sun: adaptation to midrange weather radar observations at low elevation
angles. J Atmos Ocean Technol 32(5):927–942
252
N. Nanding and M. A. Rico-Ramirez
forecasting applications. Weather radar enables the monitoring of extreme weather
events. Radar rainfall can be used to produce short-term precipitation forecasts using
nowcasting models. The combination of radar measurements and forecasts with
other models (e.g. hydrological models or flood models) enables the forecasting of
high-water levels in rivers or potential areas likely to be affected by flooding.
References
1. Fabry F (2015) Radar meteorology: principles and practice. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
2. Raghavan S (2013) Radar meteorology, vol 27. Springer, Dordrecht
3. Rinehart RE (1997) Radar for meteorologists. Rinehart Publishing, Grand Forks
4. Atlas D, Ulbrich CW (1977) Path-and area-integrated rainfall measurement by microwave
attenuation in the 1-3 cm band. J Appl Meteorol 16(12):1322–1331
5. Marshall JS, Palmer WMK (1948) The distribution of raindrops with size. J Meteorol 5
(4):165–166
6. Marshall J, Hitschfeld W, Gunn K (1955) Advances in radar weather. Adv Geophys 2:1–56
7. Battan LJ (1973) Radar observation of the atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
8. Bringi V, Chandrasekar V (2001) Polarimetric Doppler weather radar: principles and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
9. Borga M (2002) Accuracy of radar rainfall estimates for streamflow simulation. J Hydrol 267
(1):26–39
10. Browning K, Collier C (1989) Nowcasting of precipitation systems. Rev Geophys 27
(3):345–370
11. Fabry F, Austin G, Tees D (1992) The accuracy of rainfall estimates by radar as a function of
range. Q J R Meteorol Soc 118(505):435–453
12. Hunter SM (1996) WSR-88D radar rainfall estimation: capabilities, limitations and potential
improvements. Natl Weather Dig 20(4):26–38
13. Joss J, Waldvogel A, Collier C (1990) Precipitation measurement and hydrology. In: Radar in
meteorology. Springer, Berlin, pp 577–606
14. Krajewski WF, Smith J (2002) Radar hydrology: rainfall estimation. Adv Water Resour 25
(8):1387–1394
15. Smith JA, Seo DJ, Baeck ML, Hudlow MD (1996) An intercomparison study of NEXRAD
precipitation estimates. Water Resour Res 32(7):2035–2045
16. Villarini G, Krajewski WF (2010) Review of the different sources of uncertainty in single
polarization radar-based estimates of rainfall. Surv Geophys 31(1):107–129
17. Wilson JW, Brandes EA (1979) Radar measurement of rainfall – a summary. Bull Am
Meteorol Soc 60(9):1048–1058
18. Young B, Nelson BR, Bradley AA, Smith JA, Peters-Lidard CD, Kruger A, Baeck ML (1999)
An evaluation of NEXRAD precipitation estimates in complex terrain. J Geophys Res 104
(D16):19691–19703
19. Zawadzki I (1984) Factors affecting the precision of radar measurements of rain. In: Conference on radar meteorology, 22nd, Zurich, Switzerland, pp 251–256
20. Whiton RC, Smith Jr P, Harbuck A (1977) Calibration of weather radar systems using the sun
as a radio source. In: 17th conference on radar meteorology, pp 60–65
21. Altube P, Bech J, Argemí O, Rigo T (2015) Quality control of antenna alignment and receiver
calibration using the sun: adaptation to midrange weather radar observations at low elevation
angles. J Atmos Ocean Technol 32(5):927–942
252
N. Nanding and M. A. Rico-Ramirez