26
Cohen, G. N. (2014). The biological fixation of nitrogen. In G. N. Cohen (Ed.), Microbial
Biochemistry (pp. 275–281). Dordrecht: Springer.
Cornejo-Castillo, F. M., & Zehr, J. P. (2019). Hopanoid lipids may facilitate aerobic nitrogen fixation in the ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 116(37), 18269–18271. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1908165116.
De Bruijn, F. J. (2015). Biological nitrogen fixation. In Principles of plant-microbe interactions
(pp. 215–224). Cham: Springer.
de Moura, G. G. D., Remigi, P., Masson-Boivin, C., & Capela, D. (2020). Experimental evolution
of legume symbionts: What have we learnt? Genes (Basel), 11(3), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/
genes11030339. PMID – 32210028.
Distel, D., DeLong, E., & Waterbury, J. (1991). Phylogenetic characterization and in situ localization of the bacterial symbiont of shipworms (Teredinidae: Bivalvia) by using 16S rRNA
sequence analysis and oligodeoxynucleotide probe hybridization. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 57(8), 2376–2382.
Dixon, R. (2004). Historical perspective-development of nif genetics and regulation in Klebsiella
pneumoniae. In W. Klipp, B. Masepohl, J. R. Gallon, & W. E. Newton (Eds.), Genetics and
regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living Bacteria (Vol. 2, pp. 1–25). Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
Dixon, R., & Kahn, D. (2004). Genetic regulation of biological nitrogen fixation. Nature Reviews
Microbiology, 2(8), 621–631.
Eady, R. R., Kennedy, C., Smith, B. E., Thorneley, R. N., Yates, G., et al. (1975). Nitrogenase in
Azotobacter chroococcum and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochemical Society Transactions, 3(4),
488–492. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0030488.
Ekman, M., Picossi, S., Campbell, E. L., Meeks, J. C., & Flores, E. (2013). A Nostoc punctiforme
sugar transporter necessary to establish a Cyanobacterium-plant symbiosis. Plant Physiology,
161(4), 1984–1992. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.213116.
Elmerich, C. (2007). Historical perspective: From bacterization to endophytes. In Associative and
endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacterial associations (pp. 1–20). Dordrecht:
Springer.
Encarnación, S. (2005). The dawn of functional genomics in nitrogen fixation research. In
R. Palacios & W. E. Newton (Eds.), Genomes and genomics of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms
(pp. 136–160). Dordrecht: Springer.
Esteves-Ferreira, A. A., Inaba, M., Fort, A., Araujo, W. L., & Sulpice, R. (2018). Nitrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria: Metabolic and molecular control, growth consequences and biotechnological applications. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 44(5), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.108
0/1040841X.2018.1446902.
Fani, R., Gallo, R., & Lio, P. (2000). Molecular evolution of nitrogen fixation: The evolutionary
history of the nifD, nifK, nifE, and nifN genes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 51(1), 1–11.
Fay, P. (1992). Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. Microbiological Reviews,
56, 340–373.
Fischer, H. M. (1994). Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microbiological Reviews,
58(3), 352–386. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.58.3.352- 386.1994.
Fisher, K., & Newton, W. E. (2002). Chapter 1 – Nitrogen fixation – A general overview. In G. J.
Leigh (Ed.), Nitrogen fixation at the millennium (pp. 1–34). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Fowler, D., Steadman, C. E., Stevenson, D., Coyle, M., Rees, R. M., et al. (2015). Effects of global
change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
15(24), 13849–13893.
Gallon, J. R. (1981). The oxygen sensitivity of nitrogenase: A problem for biochemists and microorganisms. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 6, 19–23.
Gallon, J. R. (1992). Reconciling the incompatible: N 2 fixation and O 2 . Tansley Review No. 44.
The New Phytologist, 122, 571–609.
Gallon, J. R., & Stal, L. J. (1992). N 2 fixation in non-heterocystous cyanobacteria: An overview.
In E. J. Carpenter, D. G. Capone, & J. G. Rueter (Eds.), Marine pelagic cyanobacteria:
Trichodesmium and other Diazotrophs (pp. 115–139). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
2 Fundamentals of N 2 Fixation
Cohen, G. N. (2014). The biological fixation of nitrogen. In G. N. Cohen (Ed.), Microbial
Biochemistry (pp. 275–281). Dordrecht: Springer.
Cornejo-Castillo, F. M., & Zehr, J. P. (2019). Hopanoid lipids may facilitate aerobic nitrogen fixation in the ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 116(37), 18269–18271. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1908165116.
De Bruijn, F. J. (2015). Biological nitrogen fixation. In Principles of plant-microbe interactions
(pp. 215–224). Cham: Springer.
de Moura, G. G. D., Remigi, P., Masson-Boivin, C., & Capela, D. (2020). Experimental evolution
of legume symbionts: What have we learnt? Genes (Basel), 11(3), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/
genes11030339. PMID – 32210028.
Distel, D., DeLong, E., & Waterbury, J. (1991). Phylogenetic characterization and in situ localization of the bacterial symbiont of shipworms (Teredinidae: Bivalvia) by using 16S rRNA
sequence analysis and oligodeoxynucleotide probe hybridization. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 57(8), 2376–2382.
Dixon, R. (2004). Historical perspective-development of nif genetics and regulation in Klebsiella
pneumoniae. In W. Klipp, B. Masepohl, J. R. Gallon, & W. E. Newton (Eds.), Genetics and
regulation of nitrogen fixation in free-living Bacteria (Vol. 2, pp. 1–25). Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
Dixon, R., & Kahn, D. (2004). Genetic regulation of biological nitrogen fixation. Nature Reviews
Microbiology, 2(8), 621–631.
Eady, R. R., Kennedy, C., Smith, B. E., Thorneley, R. N., Yates, G., et al. (1975). Nitrogenase in
Azotobacter chroococcum and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochemical Society Transactions, 3(4),
488–492. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0030488.
Ekman, M., Picossi, S., Campbell, E. L., Meeks, J. C., & Flores, E. (2013). A Nostoc punctiforme
sugar transporter necessary to establish a Cyanobacterium-plant symbiosis. Plant Physiology,
161(4), 1984–1992. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.213116.
Elmerich, C. (2007). Historical perspective: From bacterization to endophytes. In Associative and
endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacterial associations (pp. 1–20). Dordrecht:
Springer.
Encarnación, S. (2005). The dawn of functional genomics in nitrogen fixation research. In
R. Palacios & W. E. Newton (Eds.), Genomes and genomics of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms
(pp. 136–160). Dordrecht: Springer.
Esteves-Ferreira, A. A., Inaba, M., Fort, A., Araujo, W. L., & Sulpice, R. (2018). Nitrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria: Metabolic and molecular control, growth consequences and biotechnological applications. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 44(5), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.108
0/1040841X.2018.1446902.
Fani, R., Gallo, R., & Lio, P. (2000). Molecular evolution of nitrogen fixation: The evolutionary
history of the nifD, nifK, nifE, and nifN genes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 51(1), 1–11.
Fay, P. (1992). Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. Microbiological Reviews,
56, 340–373.
Fischer, H. M. (1994). Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microbiological Reviews,
58(3), 352–386. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.58.3.352- 386.1994.
Fisher, K., & Newton, W. E. (2002). Chapter 1 – Nitrogen fixation – A general overview. In G. J.
Leigh (Ed.), Nitrogen fixation at the millennium (pp. 1–34). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Fowler, D., Steadman, C. E., Stevenson, D., Coyle, M., Rees, R. M., et al. (2015). Effects of global
change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
15(24), 13849–13893.
Gallon, J. R. (1981). The oxygen sensitivity of nitrogenase: A problem for biochemists and microorganisms. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 6, 19–23.
Gallon, J. R. (1992). Reconciling the incompatible: N 2 fixation and O 2 . Tansley Review No. 44.
The New Phytologist, 122, 571–609.
Gallon, J. R., & Stal, L. J. (1992). N 2 fixation in non-heterocystous cyanobacteria: An overview.
In E. J. Carpenter, D. G. Capone, & J. G. Rueter (Eds.), Marine pelagic cyanobacteria:
Trichodesmium and other Diazotrophs (pp. 115–139). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
2 Fundamentals of N 2 Fixation