24. Al-Babili S, Bouwmeester HJ (2015) Strigolactones, a novel carotenoid-derived plant hormone. Annu Rev Plant Biol 66:161–186
25. Jia KP, Baz L, Al-Babili S (2018) From carotenoids to strigolactones. J Exp Bot
69:2189–2204
26. Moise AR, Von Lintig J, Palczewski K (2005)
Related enzymes solve evolutionarily recurrent
problems in the metabolism of carotenoids.
Trends Plant Sci 10:178–186
27. Eroglu A, Harrison EH (2013) Carotenoid
metabolism in mammals, including man: formation, occurrence, and function of apocarotenoids. J Lipid Res 54:1719–1730
28. Grune T, Lietz G, Palou A, Ross AC et al
(2010) β-Carotene is an important vitamin a
source for humans. J Nutr 140:2268S–2285S
29. Austin DJ, Bu’lock JD, Drake D (1970) The
biosynthesis of trisporic acids from b-carotene
via retinal and trisporol. Experientia
26:348–349
30. Medina HR, Cerda ´-Olmedo E, Al-Babili S
(2011) Cleavage oxygenases for the biosynthesis of trisporoids and other apocarotenoids in
Phycomyces. Mol Microbiol 82:199–208
31. Ramel F, Birtic S, Ginies C, SoubigouTaconnat L, Triantaphylide `s C, Havaux M
(2012) Carotenoid oxidation products are
stress signals that mediate gene responses to
singlet oxygen in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 109:5535–5540
32. Havaux M (2014) Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. Plant J
79:597–606
33. Lv F, Zhou J, Zeng L, Xing D (2015)
β-Cyclocitral upregulates salicylic acid signalling to enhance excess light acclimation in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 66:4719–4732
34. Jia KP, Dickinson AJ, Mi J, Cui G et al (2018)
Anchorene is an endogenous diapocarotenoid
required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/
496737
35. Wang JY, Haider I, Jamil M, Fiorilli V et al
(2018) The apocarotenoid metabolite zaxinone regulates growth and strigolactone biosynthesis in rice. Nat Commun 10:810
36. Demurtas OC, Frusciante S, Ferrante P et al
(2018) Candidate enzymes for saffron crocin
biosynthesis are localized in multiple cellular
compartments. Plant Physiol 177:990–1006
37. Rodrigo MJ, Alque ´zar B, Alo ´ s E, Medina V,
Carmona L, Bruno M et al (2013) A novel
carotenoid cleavage activity involved in the biosynthesis of citrus fruit-specific apocarotenoid
pigments. J Exp Bot 64:4461–4478
38. Estrada AF, Youssar L, Scherzinger D,
Al-Babili S, Avalos J (2008) The ylo-1 gene
encodes an aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for the last reaction in the Neurospora
carotenoid
pathway.
Mol
Microbiol
69:1207–1220
39. Dı ´az-Sa ´nchez V, Estrada AF, Trautmann D,
Al-Babili S, Avalos J (2011) The gene carD
encodes the aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for neurosporaxanthin biosynthesis in
Fusarium fujikuroi. FEBS J 278:3164–3176
40. Beltran JC, Stange C (2016) Apocarotenoids: a
new carotenoid-derived pathway. Subcell Biochem 79:239–272
41. Frusciante S, Diretto G, Bruno M, Ferrante P
et al (2014) Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 111:12246–12251
42. Ilg A, Beyer P, Al-Babili S (2009) Characterization of the rice carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 reveals a novel route for geranial
biosynthesis. FEBS J 276:736–747
43. Bruno M, Beyer P, Al-Babili S (2015) The
potato carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 catalyzes a single cleavage of β-ionone ringcontaining carotenes and non-epoxidated
xanthophylls.
Arch
Biochem
Biophys
572:126–133
44. Bruno M, Koschmieder J, Wuest F, Schaub P,
Fehling-Kaschek M, Timmer J et al (2016)
Enzymatic study on AtCCD4 and AtCCD7
and their potential to form acyclic regulatory
metabolites. J Exp Bot 67:5993–6005
45. Giuliano G, Al-Babili S, Von Lintig J (2003)
Carotenoid oxygenases: cleave it or leave
it. Trends Plant Sci 8:145–149
46. Bouvier F, Isner JC, Dogbo O, Camara B
(2005) Oxidative tailoring of carotenoids: a
prospect towards novel functions in plants.
Trends Plant Sci 10:187–194
47. Ilg A, Yu Q, Schaub P, Beyer P, Al-Babili S
(2010) Overexpression of the rice carotenoid
cleavage dioxygenase 1 gene in Golden Rice
endosperm suggests apocarotenoids as substrates in planta. Planta 232:691–699
48. Alder A, Holdermann I, Beyer P, Al-Babili S
(2008) Carotenoid oxygenases involved in
plant branching catalyse a highly specific conserved apocarotenoid cleavage reaction. Biochem J 416:289–296
49. Scherzinger D, Ruch S, Kloer DP, Wilde A,
Al-Babili S (2006) Retinal is formed from
apo-carotenoids in Nostoc sp. PCC7120:
in vitro characterization of an apo-carotenoid
oxygenase. Biochem J 398:361–369
Method for Identification of Carotenoid-Derived Dialdehydes
187
25. Jia KP, Baz L, Al-Babili S (2018) From carotenoids to strigolactones. J Exp Bot
69:2189–2204
26. Moise AR, Von Lintig J, Palczewski K (2005)
Related enzymes solve evolutionarily recurrent
problems in the metabolism of carotenoids.
Trends Plant Sci 10:178–186
27. Eroglu A, Harrison EH (2013) Carotenoid
metabolism in mammals, including man: formation, occurrence, and function of apocarotenoids. J Lipid Res 54:1719–1730
28. Grune T, Lietz G, Palou A, Ross AC et al
(2010) β-Carotene is an important vitamin a
source for humans. J Nutr 140:2268S–2285S
29. Austin DJ, Bu’lock JD, Drake D (1970) The
biosynthesis of trisporic acids from b-carotene
via retinal and trisporol. Experientia
26:348–349
30. Medina HR, Cerda ´-Olmedo E, Al-Babili S
(2011) Cleavage oxygenases for the biosynthesis of trisporoids and other apocarotenoids in
Phycomyces. Mol Microbiol 82:199–208
31. Ramel F, Birtic S, Ginies C, SoubigouTaconnat L, Triantaphylide `s C, Havaux M
(2012) Carotenoid oxidation products are
stress signals that mediate gene responses to
singlet oxygen in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 109:5535–5540
32. Havaux M (2014) Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. Plant J
79:597–606
33. Lv F, Zhou J, Zeng L, Xing D (2015)
β-Cyclocitral upregulates salicylic acid signalling to enhance excess light acclimation in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 66:4719–4732
34. Jia KP, Dickinson AJ, Mi J, Cui G et al (2018)
Anchorene is an endogenous diapocarotenoid
required for anchor root formation in Arabidopsis. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/
496737
35. Wang JY, Haider I, Jamil M, Fiorilli V et al
(2018) The apocarotenoid metabolite zaxinone regulates growth and strigolactone biosynthesis in rice. Nat Commun 10:810
36. Demurtas OC, Frusciante S, Ferrante P et al
(2018) Candidate enzymes for saffron crocin
biosynthesis are localized in multiple cellular
compartments. Plant Physiol 177:990–1006
37. Rodrigo MJ, Alque ´zar B, Alo ´ s E, Medina V,
Carmona L, Bruno M et al (2013) A novel
carotenoid cleavage activity involved in the biosynthesis of citrus fruit-specific apocarotenoid
pigments. J Exp Bot 64:4461–4478
38. Estrada AF, Youssar L, Scherzinger D,
Al-Babili S, Avalos J (2008) The ylo-1 gene
encodes an aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for the last reaction in the Neurospora
carotenoid
pathway.
Mol
Microbiol
69:1207–1220
39. Dı ´az-Sa ´nchez V, Estrada AF, Trautmann D,
Al-Babili S, Avalos J (2011) The gene carD
encodes the aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for neurosporaxanthin biosynthesis in
Fusarium fujikuroi. FEBS J 278:3164–3176
40. Beltran JC, Stange C (2016) Apocarotenoids: a
new carotenoid-derived pathway. Subcell Biochem 79:239–272
41. Frusciante S, Diretto G, Bruno M, Ferrante P
et al (2014) Novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase catalyzes the first dedicated step in saffron crocin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 111:12246–12251
42. Ilg A, Beyer P, Al-Babili S (2009) Characterization of the rice carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 reveals a novel route for geranial
biosynthesis. FEBS J 276:736–747
43. Bruno M, Beyer P, Al-Babili S (2015) The
potato carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 catalyzes a single cleavage of β-ionone ringcontaining carotenes and non-epoxidated
xanthophylls.
Arch
Biochem
Biophys
572:126–133
44. Bruno M, Koschmieder J, Wuest F, Schaub P,
Fehling-Kaschek M, Timmer J et al (2016)
Enzymatic study on AtCCD4 and AtCCD7
and their potential to form acyclic regulatory
metabolites. J Exp Bot 67:5993–6005
45. Giuliano G, Al-Babili S, Von Lintig J (2003)
Carotenoid oxygenases: cleave it or leave
it. Trends Plant Sci 8:145–149
46. Bouvier F, Isner JC, Dogbo O, Camara B
(2005) Oxidative tailoring of carotenoids: a
prospect towards novel functions in plants.
Trends Plant Sci 10:187–194
47. Ilg A, Yu Q, Schaub P, Beyer P, Al-Babili S
(2010) Overexpression of the rice carotenoid
cleavage dioxygenase 1 gene in Golden Rice
endosperm suggests apocarotenoids as substrates in planta. Planta 232:691–699
48. Alder A, Holdermann I, Beyer P, Al-Babili S
(2008) Carotenoid oxygenases involved in
plant branching catalyse a highly specific conserved apocarotenoid cleavage reaction. Biochem J 416:289–296
49. Scherzinger D, Ruch S, Kloer DP, Wilde A,
Al-Babili S (2006) Retinal is formed from
apo-carotenoids in Nostoc sp. PCC7120:
in vitro characterization of an apo-carotenoid
oxygenase. Biochem J 398:361–369
Method for Identification of Carotenoid-Derived Dialdehydes
187