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N. B. Raj et al.
the electrochemical oxidation of vanillin. Results suggest that, biosensor was able
to detect vanillin in vanilla bean and vanilla tea samples at a lower concentration
limit of 40 nM (Zheng et al. 2010). Thus, microbial fabricated nanoparticles can be
used for biosensing applications in agriculture for quality control and monitoring of
deterioration or contamination of agricultural produce.
3.3 Microbial Nanopesticides
Helan et al. (2013) reported that maximum activity against Spodoptera litura was
observed from chitosan coated metabolite of entomopathogenic fungi Nomurae
rileyi. In yet another study, chitosan nanoparticles with insecticidal protein beauvericin reduced pupal and adult emergence and displayed pesticidal activity in
Spodoptera litura in all the life stages. However, maximum death was observed
in early larval instar phase (Arvind et al. 2014).
Nanoparticles synthesized using destruxin from Metarhizium anisopliae significantly reduced the infestations of the adult female grasshopper, Hetiracris littoralis
compared to control (Sabbour 2014). In a similar study, nano-extracted destruxin
from M. anisopliae decreased the number of eggs laid/female of Plodia interpunctella (Sabbour 2015). Babu et al. (2014) evaluated different concentrations of
AgNPs (ranging from 5 to 25 mg/ml) synthesized from marine bacteria Shewanella
algae bangaramma against Lepidiota mansueta. Results indicated that, on 15th day,
maximum LC 50 and LC 90 values with 95% confidential limits were observed
with 3rd-instar larvae at 25.0 mg/ml AgNPs concentration. In conclusion, microbemediated nanoparticles have shown potentials for application as pesticides in
agriculture.
3.4 Plant Growth Promoters
Pour et al. (2019) investigated the effect of nano-encapsulated plant growthpromoting bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens VUPF5 and Bacillus subtilis
VRU1 and their metabolites in promoting UCB1 pistachio micropropagation.
The results revealed that the use of bacterial-mediated nanocapsules substantially
enhanced the root length and proliferation. The nanoformulation of the VUPF5
metabolite led to the highest root (6.26 cm) and the largest shoot length (3.34 cm)
compared to the control (0.9 cm and 3.3 cm), respectively. In addition, significant
increase in the average shoot length and the fresh weight of plant (0.18 compared to
the control) was also observed during encapsulation of bacterial metabolites produced
by P. fluorescens VUPF5 and B. subtilis VRU1. The effect of different concentrations of Laminaaria japonica extract-mediated AgNPs on seed germination and plant
growth was investigated in Triticum aestivum and Phaseolus mungo. Results indicated that, AgNPs seed germination was not affected in both plants. However, up
N. B. Raj et al.
the electrochemical oxidation of vanillin. Results suggest that, biosensor was able
to detect vanillin in vanilla bean and vanilla tea samples at a lower concentration
limit of 40 nM (Zheng et al. 2010). Thus, microbial fabricated nanoparticles can be
used for biosensing applications in agriculture for quality control and monitoring of
deterioration or contamination of agricultural produce.
3.3 Microbial Nanopesticides
Helan et al. (2013) reported that maximum activity against Spodoptera litura was
observed from chitosan coated metabolite of entomopathogenic fungi Nomurae
rileyi. In yet another study, chitosan nanoparticles with insecticidal protein beauvericin reduced pupal and adult emergence and displayed pesticidal activity in
Spodoptera litura in all the life stages. However, maximum death was observed
in early larval instar phase (Arvind et al. 2014).
Nanoparticles synthesized using destruxin from Metarhizium anisopliae significantly reduced the infestations of the adult female grasshopper, Hetiracris littoralis
compared to control (Sabbour 2014). In a similar study, nano-extracted destruxin
from M. anisopliae decreased the number of eggs laid/female of Plodia interpunctella (Sabbour 2015). Babu et al. (2014) evaluated different concentrations of
AgNPs (ranging from 5 to 25 mg/ml) synthesized from marine bacteria Shewanella
algae bangaramma against Lepidiota mansueta. Results indicated that, on 15th day,
maximum LC 50 and LC 90 values with 95% confidential limits were observed
with 3rd-instar larvae at 25.0 mg/ml AgNPs concentration. In conclusion, microbemediated nanoparticles have shown potentials for application as pesticides in
agriculture.
3.4 Plant Growth Promoters
Pour et al. (2019) investigated the effect of nano-encapsulated plant growthpromoting bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens VUPF5 and Bacillus subtilis
VRU1 and their metabolites in promoting UCB1 pistachio micropropagation.
The results revealed that the use of bacterial-mediated nanocapsules substantially
enhanced the root length and proliferation. The nanoformulation of the VUPF5
metabolite led to the highest root (6.26 cm) and the largest shoot length (3.34 cm)
compared to the control (0.9 cm and 3.3 cm), respectively. In addition, significant
increase in the average shoot length and the fresh weight of plant (0.18 compared to
the control) was also observed during encapsulation of bacterial metabolites produced
by P. fluorescens VUPF5 and B. subtilis VRU1. The effect of different concentrations of Laminaaria japonica extract-mediated AgNPs on seed germination and plant
growth was investigated in Triticum aestivum and Phaseolus mungo. Results indicated that, AgNPs seed germination was not affected in both plants. However, up