Applications of Microbe-Based Nanoparticles …
361
irregular-shaped was observed (Parial et al. 2012). MubarakAli et al. (2013) synthesized spherical-shaped, 30 nm-sized AuNPs using Coelastrella sp. In a work done by
Dahoumane et al. (2014), 5.7 ± 0.9 nm spherical-shaped AuNPs were synthesized
using Cosmarium impressulum. Formation of 5–25 nm size and spherical-shaped
AuNPs was achieved using Prasiola crispa (Sharma et al. 2014). Similarly, Spirogyra submaxima was used to synthesize 2–50 nm size and spherical-, triangular-,
hexagonal-shaped AuNPs by Roychoudhury and Pal (2014). In another study, 3.85–
77.13 nm size, spherical-shaped AuNPs were synthesized using Galaxaura elongata
(Abdel-Raouf et al. 2013). Formation of 60 nm size, triangle-, rectangle- and squareshaped AuNPs was achieved using Turbinaria conoides (Rajeshkumar et al. 2013).
Abboud et al. (2014) synthesized 5–45 nm size, spherical- and elongated-shaped
CuO using Bifurcaria bifurcata. In another study, Scenedesmus-24 synthesized 120–
175 nm size, oval-shaped CdNPs (Jena et al. 2015). Formation of 66–95 nm size, rodshaped ZnONPs was synthesized using Gracilaria edulis (Priyadharshini et al. 2014).
Similarly, Sargassum muticum was used to synthesize ZnONPs with 3–57 nm size
and hexagonal wurtzite shape (Azizi et al. 2014). In yet another study, Nagarajan and
Kuppusamy (2013) synthesized 36 nm size, spherical-, triangle-, radial-, hexagonal-,
rod-shaped ZnONPs using Sargassum myriocystum. Synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle using Sargassum muticum was investigated by Mahdavi et al. (2013). Results
indicated the presence of 18 ± 4 nm size, cubic shape Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.
2.5 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Actinomycetes
Alkali-tolerant Rhodococcus was used to synthesize 5–15 nm AuNPs on the mycelial
surface and cytoplasmic membrane (Ahmad et al. 2003a). In a similar study by the
authors on Thermomonospora sp., investigation resulted in the synthesis of sphericalshaped AuNPs under alkaline condition (Ahmad et al. 2003b). In another study,
formation of 5–50 nm, polygonal-shaped, polygonal AuNPs were synthesized from
Streptomyces sp. (Karthik et al. 2013). Manikprabhu and Lingappa (2013) exercised the synthesis of AuNPs having 28–50 nm, irregular-shaped AuNPs in Streptomyces coelicolor. In another study, 10–20 nm size spherical-shaped AuNPs were
produced from Streptomyces hygroscopicus (Waghmare et al. 2014). Subashini et al.
(2014) synthesized 20–70 nm size, spherical-shaped AgNPs from Streptomyces sp.
(Table 6). AgNPs having 20–60 nm in size and spherical shape were synthesized in
Streptomyces sp. (Thenmozhi et al. 2013).
3 Microbial Nano-biological Control Agents in Agriculture
In the agriculture industry, crop protection from the attack of various phytopathogens
and efforts at improving the crop growth for a better yield are prime areas of
361
irregular-shaped was observed (Parial et al. 2012). MubarakAli et al. (2013) synthesized spherical-shaped, 30 nm-sized AuNPs using Coelastrella sp. In a work done by
Dahoumane et al. (2014), 5.7 ± 0.9 nm spherical-shaped AuNPs were synthesized
using Cosmarium impressulum. Formation of 5–25 nm size and spherical-shaped
AuNPs was achieved using Prasiola crispa (Sharma et al. 2014). Similarly, Spirogyra submaxima was used to synthesize 2–50 nm size and spherical-, triangular-,
hexagonal-shaped AuNPs by Roychoudhury and Pal (2014). In another study, 3.85–
77.13 nm size, spherical-shaped AuNPs were synthesized using Galaxaura elongata
(Abdel-Raouf et al. 2013). Formation of 60 nm size, triangle-, rectangle- and squareshaped AuNPs was achieved using Turbinaria conoides (Rajeshkumar et al. 2013).
Abboud et al. (2014) synthesized 5–45 nm size, spherical- and elongated-shaped
CuO using Bifurcaria bifurcata. In another study, Scenedesmus-24 synthesized 120–
175 nm size, oval-shaped CdNPs (Jena et al. 2015). Formation of 66–95 nm size, rodshaped ZnONPs was synthesized using Gracilaria edulis (Priyadharshini et al. 2014).
Similarly, Sargassum muticum was used to synthesize ZnONPs with 3–57 nm size
and hexagonal wurtzite shape (Azizi et al. 2014). In yet another study, Nagarajan and
Kuppusamy (2013) synthesized 36 nm size, spherical-, triangle-, radial-, hexagonal-,
rod-shaped ZnONPs using Sargassum myriocystum. Synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle using Sargassum muticum was investigated by Mahdavi et al. (2013). Results
indicated the presence of 18 ± 4 nm size, cubic shape Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.
2.5 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Actinomycetes
Alkali-tolerant Rhodococcus was used to synthesize 5–15 nm AuNPs on the mycelial
surface and cytoplasmic membrane (Ahmad et al. 2003a). In a similar study by the
authors on Thermomonospora sp., investigation resulted in the synthesis of sphericalshaped AuNPs under alkaline condition (Ahmad et al. 2003b). In another study,
formation of 5–50 nm, polygonal-shaped, polygonal AuNPs were synthesized from
Streptomyces sp. (Karthik et al. 2013). Manikprabhu and Lingappa (2013) exercised the synthesis of AuNPs having 28–50 nm, irregular-shaped AuNPs in Streptomyces coelicolor. In another study, 10–20 nm size spherical-shaped AuNPs were
produced from Streptomyces hygroscopicus (Waghmare et al. 2014). Subashini et al.
(2014) synthesized 20–70 nm size, spherical-shaped AgNPs from Streptomyces sp.
(Table 6). AgNPs having 20–60 nm in size and spherical shape were synthesized in
Streptomyces sp. (Thenmozhi et al. 2013).
3 Microbial Nano-biological Control Agents in Agriculture
In the agriculture industry, crop protection from the attack of various phytopathogens
and efforts at improving the crop growth for a better yield are prime areas of