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E. A. Adebayo et al.
efficacy against cancer cells (Hwang et al. 2017). Bacterial megnetosomes serve as
a delivery vehicle for doxorubicin, a cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drug in a study
conducted by Sun et al. (2007) The study revealed that the loaded doxorubicin was
more effective in H22 tumor-bearing mice than doxorubicin alone with significantly
lower cardiac toxicity (Sun et al. 2007). Antitumoral nanoparticles drugs Abraxane
(R) containing human albumin and paclitaxel have been shown to decrease the druginduced toxicity and hypersensitive reactions, in addition to increased antitumor
action of the drug (Gradishar 2006).
Mitoxantrone intraperitoneal application has been employed for the treatment
of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancers (Cotte et al. 2009), ovarian
(Muggia 2006) and other surface malignancies (Van der Speeten et al. 2009), but
therapeutic efficiency is fraught with austere systemic toxicity with high mortality
which hamper its overall usefulness. In the experiment conducted by Chang et al.
(2010), cationic mitoxantrone (MTO) was loaded on the Cardiolipin, an anionic
liposome by electrostatic surface complexation. The deliverance of this drug from
the encapsulated Cardiolipin liposomes on the target site showed prolonged retention, effective anticancer activity and negligible cardiotoxicity (Chang et al. 2010).
In addition, to evade multi-drug resistance that lowers MTO efficiency, the drug
was packaged in D-α-Tocopherolpolethylene 1000 succinate (TPGS) via disulfide
linkage and assembled into micelle by Qiao et al. (2018). The investigators reported
significant cytotoxicity against resistant tumor cells (MDA-MB-231/MDR) in vitro
and in vivo antitumor activity in xenograft nude mice when compared with either
free MTO or disulfide free prodrug micelle (Qiao et al. 2018).
The gold nanoparticles-labeled DNA was found to enhance optical detection
when the atomic force microscope and optical measurements were applied. Csáki
et al. (2003) study of gold nanoparticles functionalized with thiol modified oligonucleotide shows association between the surface density of the nanoparticles and the
signal in optical transmission, which allows for quantification of the nanoparticles
coverage using only the optical signal. The report from the study concludes that
contrast generation for optical readout as a novel detection method for DNA chips
and for single molecule techniques (Csáki et al. 2003). In another similar work,
Shenoy et al. (2006) conjugated coumarin with poly ethylene glycol (PEG) spacer
and gold nanoparticles. It was shown that using intracellular trafficking Keck3-D
fusion microscope, the functionalized gold nanoparticles were rapidly internalized
in the cells and localized in the perinuclear region. The work shows that using PEG
spacer, the gold nanoparticles can be encapsulated with different naturally important
ligands like fluorescent dyes and antibodies so as to target and induce the stimuli at
the target site (Shenoy et al. 2006). Furthermore, in another study, anti-HERS and
anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibodies were conjugated separately to the short and long
gold nanorods. The two conjugated short and long nanorods are essential for selective
imaging of two different sites in a sample when laser irradiation wavelength is on the
longitudinal plasmon resonance. The two rods had been to be useful as optoacoustic
imaging for the prompt and accurate detection of cancer cells (Li et al. 2007).
In cancer therapy, a novel treatment regime could be availed through the combination of activities of beneficial microbes and nanotechnology. Several beneficial
E. A. Adebayo et al.
efficacy against cancer cells (Hwang et al. 2017). Bacterial megnetosomes serve as
a delivery vehicle for doxorubicin, a cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drug in a study
conducted by Sun et al. (2007) The study revealed that the loaded doxorubicin was
more effective in H22 tumor-bearing mice than doxorubicin alone with significantly
lower cardiac toxicity (Sun et al. 2007). Antitumoral nanoparticles drugs Abraxane
(R) containing human albumin and paclitaxel have been shown to decrease the druginduced toxicity and hypersensitive reactions, in addition to increased antitumor
action of the drug (Gradishar 2006).
Mitoxantrone intraperitoneal application has been employed for the treatment
of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancers (Cotte et al. 2009), ovarian
(Muggia 2006) and other surface malignancies (Van der Speeten et al. 2009), but
therapeutic efficiency is fraught with austere systemic toxicity with high mortality
which hamper its overall usefulness. In the experiment conducted by Chang et al.
(2010), cationic mitoxantrone (MTO) was loaded on the Cardiolipin, an anionic
liposome by electrostatic surface complexation. The deliverance of this drug from
the encapsulated Cardiolipin liposomes on the target site showed prolonged retention, effective anticancer activity and negligible cardiotoxicity (Chang et al. 2010).
In addition, to evade multi-drug resistance that lowers MTO efficiency, the drug
was packaged in D-α-Tocopherolpolethylene 1000 succinate (TPGS) via disulfide
linkage and assembled into micelle by Qiao et al. (2018). The investigators reported
significant cytotoxicity against resistant tumor cells (MDA-MB-231/MDR) in vitro
and in vivo antitumor activity in xenograft nude mice when compared with either
free MTO or disulfide free prodrug micelle (Qiao et al. 2018).
The gold nanoparticles-labeled DNA was found to enhance optical detection
when the atomic force microscope and optical measurements were applied. Csáki
et al. (2003) study of gold nanoparticles functionalized with thiol modified oligonucleotide shows association between the surface density of the nanoparticles and the
signal in optical transmission, which allows for quantification of the nanoparticles
coverage using only the optical signal. The report from the study concludes that
contrast generation for optical readout as a novel detection method for DNA chips
and for single molecule techniques (Csáki et al. 2003). In another similar work,
Shenoy et al. (2006) conjugated coumarin with poly ethylene glycol (PEG) spacer
and gold nanoparticles. It was shown that using intracellular trafficking Keck3-D
fusion microscope, the functionalized gold nanoparticles were rapidly internalized
in the cells and localized in the perinuclear region. The work shows that using PEG
spacer, the gold nanoparticles can be encapsulated with different naturally important
ligands like fluorescent dyes and antibodies so as to target and induce the stimuli at
the target site (Shenoy et al. 2006). Furthermore, in another study, anti-HERS and
anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibodies were conjugated separately to the short and long
gold nanorods. The two conjugated short and long nanorods are essential for selective
imaging of two different sites in a sample when laser irradiation wavelength is on the
longitudinal plasmon resonance. The two rods had been to be useful as optoacoustic
imaging for the prompt and accurate detection of cancer cells (Li et al. 2007).
In cancer therapy, a novel treatment regime could be availed through the combination of activities of beneficial microbes and nanotechnology. Several beneficial