326
E. A. Adebayo et al.
11%, respectively, whereas deaths from AD increased by 71% (Alzeimer’s Association 2015). There was no evident cure for Alzheimer’s disease over the years
until strategies inspired by nanotechnology were used (Keating 2005). Owing to the
multifunctional potential of nanoparticles, synthesized PEGylated nanoparticles are
capable of mimicking the physiological transport mechanism across the blood-brain
barrier (BBB). The barrier is an essential physical confine made of cells protecting
the brain from the hazardous foreign body in the blood flow. The production of
nanoparticles ensures conveyance of conventional pharmaceutics and genes, siRNA
and antibodies to the brain in vitro and in vivo. Through this method, the threat of
AD has being reduced drastically (Carradori et al. 2018). In relation to probiotics,
it has been envisaged that modulation of gut microbes that may influence adaptive
immune response could play important role in the management of Alzheimer (Pérez
Martínez et al. 2014).
5.2 Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a long-term degenerating disorder of the central nervous system
that mainly affects the gross and fine motor coordinating system. Symptoms involve
shaking, rigidity and slow movement and walking with difficulty or movement of
any kind. Thinking and behavioral troubles may as well develop over time (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016). Parkinson’s disease has been treated with several drugs, but not
without side effects. L-Dopa is one of the drugs used and by no means an ideal drug
because it has to be administered on the patient in large dose to make sure that a
small fraction of the drug bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and as a result trigger
unwanted side effects on other parts of the body like writhing, jerking or free flowing
movements and nodding (dyskinesia) (Lockman et al. 2002). Nanotechnology has
provided more efficient nanocarrier drug that could be used devoid of any side effect
and even with better therapeutic efficiency. Nanocarriers are polymers, amphiphilic
lipids or solid colloidal particles which enclose targeted drugs. Nanoparticles such
as gold nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, ceramic NPs, solid lipid NPs, polymer-drug
conjugates and carbon nanotubes are being used as nanocarriers (Lockman et al.
2002).
Drugs like dopamine could be enclosed inside nanoparticles sphere or linked to
the surface, and once the drug is encapsulated with the nanoparticles, it is protected
until it reaches the target site such as the substantia nigra in the brain and degradation
occurs. Protection is highly needed to prevent substance in the blood causing premature dopamine breakdown and more importantly to check unnecessary high concentrations of dopamine in the bloodstream (Bhaskar et al. 2010). Through nanotechnology, nanostructured drugs delivery system targeted to specific sites in the body,
bio-compatible replacements for body parts and fluids, anticarcinogenic emissions,
self-diagnostics biosensors, labs-on-a-chip and material for bone and tissue regeneration has been accomplished (Shrivastava and Dash 2009; Patra et al. 2018; Herlem
et al. 2019).
E. A. Adebayo et al.
11%, respectively, whereas deaths from AD increased by 71% (Alzeimer’s Association 2015). There was no evident cure for Alzheimer’s disease over the years
until strategies inspired by nanotechnology were used (Keating 2005). Owing to the
multifunctional potential of nanoparticles, synthesized PEGylated nanoparticles are
capable of mimicking the physiological transport mechanism across the blood-brain
barrier (BBB). The barrier is an essential physical confine made of cells protecting
the brain from the hazardous foreign body in the blood flow. The production of
nanoparticles ensures conveyance of conventional pharmaceutics and genes, siRNA
and antibodies to the brain in vitro and in vivo. Through this method, the threat of
AD has being reduced drastically (Carradori et al. 2018). In relation to probiotics,
it has been envisaged that modulation of gut microbes that may influence adaptive
immune response could play important role in the management of Alzheimer (Pérez
Martínez et al. 2014).
5.2 Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a long-term degenerating disorder of the central nervous system
that mainly affects the gross and fine motor coordinating system. Symptoms involve
shaking, rigidity and slow movement and walking with difficulty or movement of
any kind. Thinking and behavioral troubles may as well develop over time (Sveinbjornsdottir 2016). Parkinson’s disease has been treated with several drugs, but not
without side effects. L-Dopa is one of the drugs used and by no means an ideal drug
because it has to be administered on the patient in large dose to make sure that a
small fraction of the drug bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and as a result trigger
unwanted side effects on other parts of the body like writhing, jerking or free flowing
movements and nodding (dyskinesia) (Lockman et al. 2002). Nanotechnology has
provided more efficient nanocarrier drug that could be used devoid of any side effect
and even with better therapeutic efficiency. Nanocarriers are polymers, amphiphilic
lipids or solid colloidal particles which enclose targeted drugs. Nanoparticles such
as gold nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, ceramic NPs, solid lipid NPs, polymer-drug
conjugates and carbon nanotubes are being used as nanocarriers (Lockman et al.
2002).
Drugs like dopamine could be enclosed inside nanoparticles sphere or linked to
the surface, and once the drug is encapsulated with the nanoparticles, it is protected
until it reaches the target site such as the substantia nigra in the brain and degradation
occurs. Protection is highly needed to prevent substance in the blood causing premature dopamine breakdown and more importantly to check unnecessary high concentrations of dopamine in the bloodstream (Bhaskar et al. 2010). Through nanotechnology, nanostructured drugs delivery system targeted to specific sites in the body,
bio-compatible replacements for body parts and fluids, anticarcinogenic emissions,
self-diagnostics biosensors, labs-on-a-chip and material for bone and tissue regeneration has been accomplished (Shrivastava and Dash 2009; Patra et al. 2018; Herlem
et al. 2019).