Mushroom Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Developments and Potentials
275
(Nijhara and Balakrishnan 2006). In mice, the introduction of carbon nanotube
directly into their trachea showed that carbon nanotubes have the ability to bring about
diverse disease of the lung, e.g., necrosis of lung, pulmonary fibrosis, peribranchial
inflammation and epithelioid granuloma (Oberdörster et al. 2015). According to Lam
et al. (2004), carbon nanotube produces more toxicity than thermal black. Various
studies have shown that there are many ports in the human body that can serve as
passage for nanomaterials into the human body (Hoet et al. 2004). Some biosynthesized nanoparticles have also shown cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Allium cepa
assay (Yekeen et al. 2017a, b).
Unexpected exposure while manufacturing or use will possibly take place through
respiratory system, from which a quick transition is feasible to other important parts
of the body through the circulatory system. At the level of cells, nanoparticles have
been reported to be a likely carrier of a genetic code (Williams 2004). Nanoparticles
can break into the nervous system which maybe exactly through the nerve cells of
the nose or through the blood stream via the olfactory lobe (Oberdorster 2004). Elder
et al. (2006) observed accumulation of nanoparticles that is composed of carbon and
manganese in the olfactory lobe in monkeys and rats through the olfactory pathway.
However, this shows that delivery caused by nanoparticles provides a medium of
proxy course bypassing the blood brain obstacles in the times ahead. Moreover,
this can lead to an inflamed outcome/response in the brain as suggested, but more
studies are required to ascertain these effects. Radomski et al. (2005) reported the
pro-accumulation influence of nanotubes on blood platelets in the glass studies quickening of vascular thrombosis in rat. It was also reported that fullerenes do not have the
nature of inducing platelet accumulation. Therefore, fullerenes might be a secure way
in contrast to nanotubes in creating a delivery system based on nanoparticles (Medina
et al. 2007). Nanoparticles toxicity can also infer to circulatory system, leading to
inflammatory disease of the bowel. Also, the poison level of the nanoparticles may be
with respect to its potential to instigate the discharge of pro-inflammatory mediators
proceeding to inflammatory feedback and damage of organs of the body. Nanoparticles can potentially enter the blood stream, break into various parts and structure of
the human body and most likely cause toxicity if taken in. Above all, the application
of nanoparticles in humans necessitates more studies and adequate cautions.
10 Conclusion
Mushrooms have made great improvements in nanobiotechnology with prominent
applications in biomedical and industries that clearly promised further advancements
in future. Mushrooms nanobiotechnology-based treatment has offered very effective,
efficient, durable and eco-friendly approaches. The safe nature, ease of production,
high stability, long shelf life, active of metabolites and enzymes with ease of extraction are factors that favoured mushrooms in nanobiotechnology. These methods are
more cost-effective, less time and energy consuming with very less waste generations
than conventional bulk materials-based methods. The impact of mushroom-mediated
275
(Nijhara and Balakrishnan 2006). In mice, the introduction of carbon nanotube
directly into their trachea showed that carbon nanotubes have the ability to bring about
diverse disease of the lung, e.g., necrosis of lung, pulmonary fibrosis, peribranchial
inflammation and epithelioid granuloma (Oberdörster et al. 2015). According to Lam
et al. (2004), carbon nanotube produces more toxicity than thermal black. Various
studies have shown that there are many ports in the human body that can serve as
passage for nanomaterials into the human body (Hoet et al. 2004). Some biosynthesized nanoparticles have also shown cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Allium cepa
assay (Yekeen et al. 2017a, b).
Unexpected exposure while manufacturing or use will possibly take place through
respiratory system, from which a quick transition is feasible to other important parts
of the body through the circulatory system. At the level of cells, nanoparticles have
been reported to be a likely carrier of a genetic code (Williams 2004). Nanoparticles
can break into the nervous system which maybe exactly through the nerve cells of
the nose or through the blood stream via the olfactory lobe (Oberdorster 2004). Elder
et al. (2006) observed accumulation of nanoparticles that is composed of carbon and
manganese in the olfactory lobe in monkeys and rats through the olfactory pathway.
However, this shows that delivery caused by nanoparticles provides a medium of
proxy course bypassing the blood brain obstacles in the times ahead. Moreover,
this can lead to an inflamed outcome/response in the brain as suggested, but more
studies are required to ascertain these effects. Radomski et al. (2005) reported the
pro-accumulation influence of nanotubes on blood platelets in the glass studies quickening of vascular thrombosis in rat. It was also reported that fullerenes do not have the
nature of inducing platelet accumulation. Therefore, fullerenes might be a secure way
in contrast to nanotubes in creating a delivery system based on nanoparticles (Medina
et al. 2007). Nanoparticles toxicity can also infer to circulatory system, leading to
inflammatory disease of the bowel. Also, the poison level of the nanoparticles may be
with respect to its potential to instigate the discharge of pro-inflammatory mediators
proceeding to inflammatory feedback and damage of organs of the body. Nanoparticles can potentially enter the blood stream, break into various parts and structure of
the human body and most likely cause toxicity if taken in. Above all, the application
of nanoparticles in humans necessitates more studies and adequate cautions.
10 Conclusion
Mushrooms have made great improvements in nanobiotechnology with prominent
applications in biomedical and industries that clearly promised further advancements
in future. Mushrooms nanobiotechnology-based treatment has offered very effective,
efficient, durable and eco-friendly approaches. The safe nature, ease of production,
high stability, long shelf life, active of metabolites and enzymes with ease of extraction are factors that favoured mushrooms in nanobiotechnology. These methods are
more cost-effective, less time and energy consuming with very less waste generations
than conventional bulk materials-based methods. The impact of mushroom-mediated