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J. A. Elegbede and A. Lateef
various chemical and physical means owing to their inexpensive and eco-friendliness
of biosynthetic processes and biocompatibility of the nanomaterials. We have elucidated that the concept of green synthesis using enzymes of microbial origin can
be accomplished by simply mixing the precursor salt solution and the microbial
enzymes, thus eliminating the utilization of chemicals that could have impact on
the toxicity of the nanoparticles to the environment and organisms. If the vast pool
of microbes with capacities to synthesize microbial enzymes is properly utilized, it
could lead to the biofabrication of nanomaterials that can turn out to be a prospective game changer in the very nearest future. However, many challenges must be
handled prior to industrial scale production and subsequent application. There is
massive potential for microbial enzyme-mediated nanomaterials especially in therapeutic applications as they exhibit low-cost fabrication, less toxicity in addition to
high degradability potentials.
Moreover, nanozymes are reported as a budding technology having huge prospect
of applications especially in the biomedical fields. Certainly, investigations on
nanozymes will progressively increase at the interface in between many fields such as
enzymology, nanomedicines, animal biotechnology, including materials science in
the coming years. Nanozymes with antioxidant properties have been demonstrated to
shield cells from oxidative stress while nanozymes having pro-oxidant properties are
studied for exploitations in biosensing including other immunoassays. This current
literature has mostly encompass the mimicking potentials of five types of biological enzymes (peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, SOD and hydrolase), showing a need
for the fabrication of nanomaterials with other enzyme-like potentials. Additionally, majority of the existing literatures on nanozyme study their in vitro catalytic
activity, and use in immunoassays, there is the need for detailed exploration and
characterization of nanozymes when administered in vivo conditions.
It has been reiterated and established by literature that nanozymes have several
distinct improvements over natural enzymes including some artificial enzymes.
However, they still face some limitations which require being examined and overcomed in the nearest future. For instance, biological enzymes are known to be highly
selective to their targets and substrates, but nanozymes show partial substrate and
target selectivity. Also, the catalytic effectiveness of a lot of nanozymes is still not
as good as that of natural enzymes including other organic catalysts; thus, efforts
must be concentrated on fabricating nanozymes exhibiting high performance in the
nearest future. Additionally, the catalytic activities of nanozymes when dispersed in
appropriate buffers require being investigated to expand the scope of their biological applications. Finally, safety concerns of nanomaterials are presently receiving
substantial attentions in consequence of their probable effects on human and environment health at large; therefore, there is also a necessity to evaluate the benignity of
synthesized nanozymes within cells and also to guarantee that they do not constitute
greater environmental concerns in the long run. In the light of this, a safe-by-design
method for synthesis of nanozymes could be employed to fabricate biocompatible
nanomaterials. Advances in green synthesis should be seen as leverage to realize the
biofabrication of high-performance nanozymes of potential wide applications.
J. A. Elegbede and A. Lateef
various chemical and physical means owing to their inexpensive and eco-friendliness
of biosynthetic processes and biocompatibility of the nanomaterials. We have elucidated that the concept of green synthesis using enzymes of microbial origin can
be accomplished by simply mixing the precursor salt solution and the microbial
enzymes, thus eliminating the utilization of chemicals that could have impact on
the toxicity of the nanoparticles to the environment and organisms. If the vast pool
of microbes with capacities to synthesize microbial enzymes is properly utilized, it
could lead to the biofabrication of nanomaterials that can turn out to be a prospective game changer in the very nearest future. However, many challenges must be
handled prior to industrial scale production and subsequent application. There is
massive potential for microbial enzyme-mediated nanomaterials especially in therapeutic applications as they exhibit low-cost fabrication, less toxicity in addition to
high degradability potentials.
Moreover, nanozymes are reported as a budding technology having huge prospect
of applications especially in the biomedical fields. Certainly, investigations on
nanozymes will progressively increase at the interface in between many fields such as
enzymology, nanomedicines, animal biotechnology, including materials science in
the coming years. Nanozymes with antioxidant properties have been demonstrated to
shield cells from oxidative stress while nanozymes having pro-oxidant properties are
studied for exploitations in biosensing including other immunoassays. This current
literature has mostly encompass the mimicking potentials of five types of biological enzymes (peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, SOD and hydrolase), showing a need
for the fabrication of nanomaterials with other enzyme-like potentials. Additionally, majority of the existing literatures on nanozyme study their in vitro catalytic
activity, and use in immunoassays, there is the need for detailed exploration and
characterization of nanozymes when administered in vivo conditions.
It has been reiterated and established by literature that nanozymes have several
distinct improvements over natural enzymes including some artificial enzymes.
However, they still face some limitations which require being examined and overcomed in the nearest future. For instance, biological enzymes are known to be highly
selective to their targets and substrates, but nanozymes show partial substrate and
target selectivity. Also, the catalytic effectiveness of a lot of nanozymes is still not
as good as that of natural enzymes including other organic catalysts; thus, efforts
must be concentrated on fabricating nanozymes exhibiting high performance in the
nearest future. Additionally, the catalytic activities of nanozymes when dispersed in
appropriate buffers require being investigated to expand the scope of their biological applications. Finally, safety concerns of nanomaterials are presently receiving
substantial attentions in consequence of their probable effects on human and environment health at large; therefore, there is also a necessity to evaluate the benignity of
synthesized nanozymes within cells and also to guarantee that they do not constitute
greater environmental concerns in the long run. In the light of this, a safe-by-design
method for synthesis of nanozymes could be employed to fabricate biocompatible
nanomaterials. Advances in green synthesis should be seen as leverage to realize the
biofabrication of high-performance nanozymes of potential wide applications.