132
T. I. Shaheen et al.
Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria (Roy et al. 2019). Also, this
activity could be attributed to electrostatic attraction between lipopolysaccharides
negative charge in Gram negative bacteria and positive charge of NPs which lead to
disruption in selective permeability and hence cell death (Yun’an Qing et al. 2018).
Due to change in membrane selective permeability, the essential components such as
enzymes, minerals, proteins and nucleic acids are lost which have negative impacts
on the cell metabolism. Therefore, we can conclude that the damage of cell wall and
disruption in cell membrane selective permeability due to NPs activity is considered
the main indicator for microbial death. Once metallic NPs enter inside the microbial
cell, it reacts with their nucleic acids and then changes its normal shape and forfeit its
replication activity (Qin et al. 2020). Moreover, microbial enzymes are converted to
inactivated form due to NPs activity which combine with thiol (-SH) group present
in amino acid as cysteine.
Recently, cancer diagnosis and treatment have received more attention. A large
multiplicity in nanomaterials has been evaluated to improve its efficacy in cancer
therapy as well as to reduce negative impacts compared with conventional therapies.
The toxicity impacts of NPs synthesized by green methods are evaluated mainly
by changes in viability and cell morphology, as well as metabolic activities (Fouda
et al. 2018; Mohanta et al. 2018). NPs can be localized in mitochondria, inducing
functional damage and structural as well as oxidative emphasis (Yan et al. 2018).
Physico-chemical properties of NPs have critical important role in cytotoxicity effect.
The nature and size of NPs, its surface area, and its surface functionalization (capping
agents) are important factors that affect their toxicity (Golinska et al. 2017; Mohamed
et al. 2019). Therefore, the construct new drug containing a different formulation of
NPs are increasing day by day due to its safe, more effective, little side effect and
high efficacy for targeting of cancer cells. Several types of NP-sized drugs have been
evaluated in cancer therapy to reduce the negative impacts of conventional anticancer
drugs and improve the antitumor drug efficacy target therapies. Recently, metal and
metal oxide NPs are considered promising tools for applicable in biomedical fields
such as gene delivery, cancer therapy, antibacterial agent, control of pathogenic fungi,
anticoagulants, thrombolytics and cell imaging (Barabadi et al. 2017; Clarance et al.
2020; El-Batal et al. 2018; El-Sayed et al. 2020a; Fouda et al. 2018; Ma et al. 2017;
Maaroof and Mahmood 2019; Mohamed et al. 2015; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019,
2020; Salem et al. 2020).
8 Conclusion
Overall, the green synthesis of NPs using fungi in particular is highly preferred due
to their huge secretion metabolites, simple and easy scaling up, easy processing,
economic viability and biomass processing. Green biosynthesis of NPs encompasses myconanotechnology which highlights specifically the interaction between
mycology and nanotechnology. Fungi, as a bio-factory, have the ability to easily
fabricate NPs by remediating their ions in solution through either extracellular or
T. I. Shaheen et al.
Gram negative bacteria than Gram positive bacteria (Roy et al. 2019). Also, this
activity could be attributed to electrostatic attraction between lipopolysaccharides
negative charge in Gram negative bacteria and positive charge of NPs which lead to
disruption in selective permeability and hence cell death (Yun’an Qing et al. 2018).
Due to change in membrane selective permeability, the essential components such as
enzymes, minerals, proteins and nucleic acids are lost which have negative impacts
on the cell metabolism. Therefore, we can conclude that the damage of cell wall and
disruption in cell membrane selective permeability due to NPs activity is considered
the main indicator for microbial death. Once metallic NPs enter inside the microbial
cell, it reacts with their nucleic acids and then changes its normal shape and forfeit its
replication activity (Qin et al. 2020). Moreover, microbial enzymes are converted to
inactivated form due to NPs activity which combine with thiol (-SH) group present
in amino acid as cysteine.
Recently, cancer diagnosis and treatment have received more attention. A large
multiplicity in nanomaterials has been evaluated to improve its efficacy in cancer
therapy as well as to reduce negative impacts compared with conventional therapies.
The toxicity impacts of NPs synthesized by green methods are evaluated mainly
by changes in viability and cell morphology, as well as metabolic activities (Fouda
et al. 2018; Mohanta et al. 2018). NPs can be localized in mitochondria, inducing
functional damage and structural as well as oxidative emphasis (Yan et al. 2018).
Physico-chemical properties of NPs have critical important role in cytotoxicity effect.
The nature and size of NPs, its surface area, and its surface functionalization (capping
agents) are important factors that affect their toxicity (Golinska et al. 2017; Mohamed
et al. 2019). Therefore, the construct new drug containing a different formulation of
NPs are increasing day by day due to its safe, more effective, little side effect and
high efficacy for targeting of cancer cells. Several types of NP-sized drugs have been
evaluated in cancer therapy to reduce the negative impacts of conventional anticancer
drugs and improve the antitumor drug efficacy target therapies. Recently, metal and
metal oxide NPs are considered promising tools for applicable in biomedical fields
such as gene delivery, cancer therapy, antibacterial agent, control of pathogenic fungi,
anticoagulants, thrombolytics and cell imaging (Barabadi et al. 2017; Clarance et al.
2020; El-Batal et al. 2018; El-Sayed et al. 2020a; Fouda et al. 2018; Ma et al. 2017;
Maaroof and Mahmood 2019; Mohamed et al. 2015; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019,
2020; Salem et al. 2020).
8 Conclusion
Overall, the green synthesis of NPs using fungi in particular is highly preferred due
to their huge secretion metabolites, simple and easy scaling up, easy processing,
economic viability and biomass processing. Green biosynthesis of NPs encompasses myconanotechnology which highlights specifically the interaction between
mycology and nanotechnology. Fungi, as a bio-factory, have the ability to easily
fabricate NPs by remediating their ions in solution through either extracellular or