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The excessive chemical fertilizer usage and reduced water resources, as well
as soil fertility are considered the most challenges for agricultural sector. To overcome these challenges, new formulation of nano-fertilizers is used which increased
nutrient availability and reduced the excessive use of chemical compounds (Raliya
et al. 2016). Therefore, NPs fabricated by fungal species can be used as promising
tools for developing agricultural system, especially in growing countries. Recently,
different formulations of nano-fertilizers such as nanoclays and nanocrystals have
been used (Guo et al. 2018). Fungi are considered as the major plant pathogens and
cause plant diseases more than those caused by other microorganisms and insects
(Rai and Ingle 2012; Vijayabharathi et al. 2018). Fungal cells avail as a fundamental appliance for the fabrication of nanomaterials employed for plant cell disease
control. Due to their high tolerance to metals and capability to pile metals, they
are extensively exploited for the fabrication of NPs as platinum, silver, iron, gold
among others. Ag-NPs have wide implementation as antifungal agent against phytopathogenic fungi (Hassan et al. 2018). Ag-NPs mycosynthesized by Mucor hiemalis
were evaluated against pathogenic fungi A. flavus, F. semitectum and Candida albicans (Aziz et al. 2016). Nanoparticles with nano-carriers as silica-silver re-unite were
scrutinized as a powerful biocide for plant cell diseases (Park et al. 2006). F. oxysporum has been discovered to be eligible of mycosynthesizing silica NPs (Bansal
et al. 2005), a functional plant cell nutrient that enhances disease fighting in cells of
plants. CuO-NPs mycosynthesized by the fungus cell P. chrysogenum were active
against pathogenic fungi represented as F. oxysporum, A. niger, Alternaria solani, P.
citrinum and Erysiphe cichoracearum (El-Batal et al. 2020).
7.2 Myconanotechnology and Wastewater Treatment
The progress and continuous development of nanotechnology have highlighted
various methods that have a significant and effective impact on wastewater treatment. Myconanotechnology has provided a new strategy for solving most issues
concerning water deficiency and quality (Shen et al. 2017; Uddandarao et al. 2019).
The benefit of NPs in wastewater treatment is demonstrated in its antimicrobial
and antioxidant properties as wastewater flows are rich in pathogenic microbes.
Recently, nanotechnology-based wastewater treatment is able to provide high performance treated water containing less impurities, less toxic substances and able to
remove heavy metals. Wide varieties of NPs are used to removal of organic and
inorganic pollutants and toxic metals, ensure disinfection as well as detection of
pathogens. At present, removal of heavy metals such as chromium, lead and cadmium
through nanoparticles such as iron oxide is a new technique by myconanotechnology,
where the results have proven the removal of chromium from water pollutants by
90% (Mahanty et al. 2019). According to economic vision, myconanotechnology
is accepted as a new strategy for solving the challenges facing wastewater treatment (Khandel and Shahi 2018). Application of mycogenic nanomaterials leads to
wastewater treatment as a growing field of research. This latest myconanotechnology
T. I. Shaheen et al.
The excessive chemical fertilizer usage and reduced water resources, as well
as soil fertility are considered the most challenges for agricultural sector. To overcome these challenges, new formulation of nano-fertilizers is used which increased
nutrient availability and reduced the excessive use of chemical compounds (Raliya
et al. 2016). Therefore, NPs fabricated by fungal species can be used as promising
tools for developing agricultural system, especially in growing countries. Recently,
different formulations of nano-fertilizers such as nanoclays and nanocrystals have
been used (Guo et al. 2018). Fungi are considered as the major plant pathogens and
cause plant diseases more than those caused by other microorganisms and insects
(Rai and Ingle 2012; Vijayabharathi et al. 2018). Fungal cells avail as a fundamental appliance for the fabrication of nanomaterials employed for plant cell disease
control. Due to their high tolerance to metals and capability to pile metals, they
are extensively exploited for the fabrication of NPs as platinum, silver, iron, gold
among others. Ag-NPs have wide implementation as antifungal agent against phytopathogenic fungi (Hassan et al. 2018). Ag-NPs mycosynthesized by Mucor hiemalis
were evaluated against pathogenic fungi A. flavus, F. semitectum and Candida albicans (Aziz et al. 2016). Nanoparticles with nano-carriers as silica-silver re-unite were
scrutinized as a powerful biocide for plant cell diseases (Park et al. 2006). F. oxysporum has been discovered to be eligible of mycosynthesizing silica NPs (Bansal
et al. 2005), a functional plant cell nutrient that enhances disease fighting in cells of
plants. CuO-NPs mycosynthesized by the fungus cell P. chrysogenum were active
against pathogenic fungi represented as F. oxysporum, A. niger, Alternaria solani, P.
citrinum and Erysiphe cichoracearum (El-Batal et al. 2020).
7.2 Myconanotechnology and Wastewater Treatment
The progress and continuous development of nanotechnology have highlighted
various methods that have a significant and effective impact on wastewater treatment. Myconanotechnology has provided a new strategy for solving most issues
concerning water deficiency and quality (Shen et al. 2017; Uddandarao et al. 2019).
The benefit of NPs in wastewater treatment is demonstrated in its antimicrobial
and antioxidant properties as wastewater flows are rich in pathogenic microbes.
Recently, nanotechnology-based wastewater treatment is able to provide high performance treated water containing less impurities, less toxic substances and able to
remove heavy metals. Wide varieties of NPs are used to removal of organic and
inorganic pollutants and toxic metals, ensure disinfection as well as detection of
pathogens. At present, removal of heavy metals such as chromium, lead and cadmium
through nanoparticles such as iron oxide is a new technique by myconanotechnology,
where the results have proven the removal of chromium from water pollutants by
90% (Mahanty et al. 2019). According to economic vision, myconanotechnology
is accepted as a new strategy for solving the challenges facing wastewater treatment (Khandel and Shahi 2018). Application of mycogenic nanomaterials leads to
wastewater treatment as a growing field of research. This latest myconanotechnology