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76. Zhu H, Bhavaraju S, Kee RJ (2013) Computational model of a sodium-copper-iodide rechargeable battery. Electrochim Acta 112:629–639
77. Percival SJ, Small LJ, Spoerke ED (2018) Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlCl3 molten salt system for use as catholyte in sodium metal batteries. J Electrochem Soc 165(14):A3531–A3536
78. Peled E, Golodnitsky D, Hadar R, Mazor H, Goor M, Burstein L (2013) Challenges and obstacles in the development of sodium–air batteries. J Power Sources 244:771–776
79. Xue L, Tucker TG, Angell CA (2015) Ionic liquid redox catholyte for high energy efficiency,
low-cost energy storage. Adv Energy Mater 5(12):1500271
80. Liu C, Shamie JS, Shaw LL, Sprenkle VL (2016) An ambient temperature molten sodiumvanadium battery with aqueous flowing catholyte. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:1545–1552
81. Senthilkumar ST, Han J, Park J, Hwang SM, Jeon D, Kim Y (2018) Energy efficient Na-aqueous
catholyte redox flow battery. Energy Storage Mater 12:324–330
82. Gross MM, Manthiram A (2019) Development of low-cost sodium-aqueous polysulfide hybrid
batteries. Energy Storage Mater 19:346–351
83. Hwang SM, Go W, Yu H, Kim Y (2017) Hybrid Na–air flow batteries using an acidic catholyte:
effect of the catholyte pH on the cell performance. J Mater Chem A 5(23):11592–11600
84. Peled E, Golodnitsky D, Mazor H, Goor M, Avshalomov S (2011) Parameter analysis of a
practical lithium- and sodium-air electric vehicle battery. J Power Sources 196(16):6835–6840
85. Kim H, Boysen DA, Newhouse JM, Spatocco BL, Chung B, Burke PJ, Bradwell DJ, Jiang K,
Tomaszowska AA, Wang K, Wei W, Ortiz LA, Barriga SA, Poizeau SM, Sadoway DR (2013)
Liquid metal batteries: past, present, and future. Chem Rev 113(3):2075–2099
86. Spatocco BL, Ouchi T, Lambotte G, Burke PJ, Sadoway DR (2015) Low-temperature
molten salt electrolytes for membrane-free sodium metal batteries. J Electrochem Soc
162(14):A2729–A2736
87. Ashour RF, Yin H, Ouchi T, Kelley DH, Sadoway DR (2017) Communication—molten
amide-hydroxide-iodide electrolyte for a low-temperature sodium-based liquid metal battery.
J Electrochem Soc 164(2):A535–A537
88. Xu J, Kjos OS, Osen KS, Martinez AM, Kongstein OE, Haarberg GM (2016) Na-Zn liquid
metal battery. J Power Sources 332:274–280
89. Spatocco BL (2015) Investigation of molten salt electrolytes for low-temperature liquid metal
batteries. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
90. Li G, Lu X, Kim JY, Meinhardt KD, Chang HJ, Canfield NL, Sprenkle VL (2016) Advanced
intermediate temperature sodium–nickel chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density. Nat
Commun 7:10683
91. Chang H-J, Lu X, Bonnett JF, Canfield NL, Son S, Park Y-C, Jung K, Sprenkle VL, Li G
(2017) Development of intermediate temperature sodium nickel chloride rechargeable batteries using conventional polymer sealing technologies. J Power Sources 348:150–157
E. D. Spoerke et al.
76. Zhu H, Bhavaraju S, Kee RJ (2013) Computational model of a sodium-copper-iodide rechargeable battery. Electrochim Acta 112:629–639
77. Percival SJ, Small LJ, Spoerke ED (2018) Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlCl3 molten salt system for use as catholyte in sodium metal batteries. J Electrochem Soc 165(14):A3531–A3536
78. Peled E, Golodnitsky D, Hadar R, Mazor H, Goor M, Burstein L (2013) Challenges and obstacles in the development of sodium–air batteries. J Power Sources 244:771–776
79. Xue L, Tucker TG, Angell CA (2015) Ionic liquid redox catholyte for high energy efficiency,
low-cost energy storage. Adv Energy Mater 5(12):1500271
80. Liu C, Shamie JS, Shaw LL, Sprenkle VL (2016) An ambient temperature molten sodiumvanadium battery with aqueous flowing catholyte. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:1545–1552
81. Senthilkumar ST, Han J, Park J, Hwang SM, Jeon D, Kim Y (2018) Energy efficient Na-aqueous
catholyte redox flow battery. Energy Storage Mater 12:324–330
82. Gross MM, Manthiram A (2019) Development of low-cost sodium-aqueous polysulfide hybrid
batteries. Energy Storage Mater 19:346–351
83. Hwang SM, Go W, Yu H, Kim Y (2017) Hybrid Na–air flow batteries using an acidic catholyte:
effect of the catholyte pH on the cell performance. J Mater Chem A 5(23):11592–11600
84. Peled E, Golodnitsky D, Mazor H, Goor M, Avshalomov S (2011) Parameter analysis of a
practical lithium- and sodium-air electric vehicle battery. J Power Sources 196(16):6835–6840
85. Kim H, Boysen DA, Newhouse JM, Spatocco BL, Chung B, Burke PJ, Bradwell DJ, Jiang K,
Tomaszowska AA, Wang K, Wei W, Ortiz LA, Barriga SA, Poizeau SM, Sadoway DR (2013)
Liquid metal batteries: past, present, and future. Chem Rev 113(3):2075–2099
86. Spatocco BL, Ouchi T, Lambotte G, Burke PJ, Sadoway DR (2015) Low-temperature
molten salt electrolytes for membrane-free sodium metal batteries. J Electrochem Soc
162(14):A2729–A2736
87. Ashour RF, Yin H, Ouchi T, Kelley DH, Sadoway DR (2017) Communication—molten
amide-hydroxide-iodide electrolyte for a low-temperature sodium-based liquid metal battery.
J Electrochem Soc 164(2):A535–A537
88. Xu J, Kjos OS, Osen KS, Martinez AM, Kongstein OE, Haarberg GM (2016) Na-Zn liquid
metal battery. J Power Sources 332:274–280
89. Spatocco BL (2015) Investigation of molten salt electrolytes for low-temperature liquid metal
batteries. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
90. Li G, Lu X, Kim JY, Meinhardt KD, Chang HJ, Canfield NL, Sprenkle VL (2016) Advanced
intermediate temperature sodium–nickel chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density. Nat
Commun 7:10683
91. Chang H-J, Lu X, Bonnett JF, Canfield NL, Son S, Park Y-C, Jung K, Sprenkle VL, Li G
(2017) Development of intermediate temperature sodium nickel chloride rechargeable batteries using conventional polymer sealing technologies. J Power Sources 348:150–157
E. D. Spoerke et al.