81
8. Chang H-J, Canfield NL, Jung K, Sprenkle VL, Li G (2017) Advanced Na-NiCl2 battery
using nickel-coated graphite with core-shell microarchitecture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
9:11609–11614
9. Wright ML (1980) Beta alumina solid electrolyte material and its manufacture and electrochemical cells or other energy conversion devices containing such material. U.S. Patent No.
4,348,468
10. Lu X, Li G, Kim JY, Mei D, Lemmon JP, Sprenkle VL, Liu J (2014) Liquid-metal electrode to
enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage. Nat
Commun 5:4578
11. Reed D, Coffey G, Mast E, Canfield N, Mansurov J, Lu X, Sprenkle V (2013) Wetting of
sodium on B″-Al2O3/YSZ composites for low temperature planar sodium-metal halide batteries. J Power Sources 227:94–100
12. Lu X, Xia G, Lemmon JP, Yang Z (2010) Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: status, challenges, and perspectives. J Power Sources 195:2431–2442
13. Hu Y, Wen Z, Wu X (2014) Porous iron oxide coating on β″-alumina ceramics for Na-based
batteries. Solid State Ionics 262:133–137
14. Hu Y, Wen Z, Wu X, Jin J (2012) Low-cost shape-control synthesis of porous carbon film on
β″-alumina ceramics for Na-based battery application. J Power Sources 219:1–8
15. Holzapfel M, Wilde D, Hupbauer C, Ahlbrecht K, Berger T (2017) Medium-temperature molten sodium batteries with aqueous bromine and iodine cathodes. Electrochim Acta 237:12–21
16. Zhou W, Li Y, Xin S, Goodenough JB (2017) Rechargeable sodium all-solid-state battery. ACS
Cent Sci 3:52–57
17. Lu X, Lemmon JP, Sprenkle V, Yang Z (2010) Sodium-beta alumina batteries: status and challenges. JOM 62(9):31–36
18. Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J-M (2011) Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of
choices. Science 334(6058):928
19. Hueso KB, Armand M, Rojo T (2013) High temperature sodium batteries: status, challenges,
and future trends. Energy Environ Sci 6:734–749
20. Fergus JW (2012) Ion transport in sodium ion conducting solid electrolytes. Solid State Ionics
227:102–112
21. Viswanathan L, Ikuma Y, Virkar AV (1983) Transformation toughening of β″-alumina by
incorporation of zirconia. J Mater Sci 18(1):109–113
22. Small LJ, Eccleston A, Lamb J, Read AC, Robins M, Meaders T, Ingersoll D, Clem PG,
Bhavaraju S, Spoerke ED (2017) Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy
storage. J Power Sources 360(31):6
23. Cretin M, Khireddine H, Fabry P (1997) NASICON structure for alkaline ion recognition.
Sensors Actuators B Chem 43(1):224–229
24. Goodenough JB, Hong HYP, Kafalas JA (1976) Fast Na+-ion transport in skeleton structures.
Mater Res Bull 11(2):203–220
25. Jolley AG, Cohn G, Hitz GT, Wachsman ED (2015) Improving the ionic conductivity of
NASICON through aliovalent cation substitution of Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 . Ionics 21(11):3031–3038
26. Anantharamulu B, Rao KK, Rambabu G, Kumar BV, Radha V, Vithal M (2011) A wideranging review on Nasicon type materials. J Mater Sci 46:2821–2837
27. Warhus U, Maier J, Rabenau A (1988) Thermodynamics of NASICON (Na 1 + x Zr 2 Si x P3− x O12).
J Solid State Chem 72(1):113–125
28. Chen S, Wu C, Shen L, Zhu C, Huang Y, Xi K, Maier J, Yu Y (2017) Challenges and perspectives for NASICON-type electrode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Adv Mater
29:1700431
29. Kreuer KD, Warhus U (1986) Nasicon solid electrolytes. Mater Res Bull 21:357–363
30. Schmid H, De Jonghe C, Cameron C (1982) Chemical stability of nasicon. Solid State
Ionics 6:57–63
31. Yde-Anderson S, Lundsgaard JS (1984) Properties of nasicon electrolytes prepared from alkoxide derived gels: ionic conductivity, durability in molten sodium and strength data. Solid
State Ionics 14:73–79
Molten Sodium Batteries
8. Chang H-J, Canfield NL, Jung K, Sprenkle VL, Li G (2017) Advanced Na-NiCl2 battery
using nickel-coated graphite with core-shell microarchitecture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
9:11609–11614
9. Wright ML (1980) Beta alumina solid electrolyte material and its manufacture and electrochemical cells or other energy conversion devices containing such material. U.S. Patent No.
4,348,468
10. Lu X, Li G, Kim JY, Mei D, Lemmon JP, Sprenkle VL, Liu J (2014) Liquid-metal electrode to
enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage. Nat
Commun 5:4578
11. Reed D, Coffey G, Mast E, Canfield N, Mansurov J, Lu X, Sprenkle V (2013) Wetting of
sodium on B″-Al2O3/YSZ composites for low temperature planar sodium-metal halide batteries. J Power Sources 227:94–100
12. Lu X, Xia G, Lemmon JP, Yang Z (2010) Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: status, challenges, and perspectives. J Power Sources 195:2431–2442
13. Hu Y, Wen Z, Wu X (2014) Porous iron oxide coating on β″-alumina ceramics for Na-based
batteries. Solid State Ionics 262:133–137
14. Hu Y, Wen Z, Wu X, Jin J (2012) Low-cost shape-control synthesis of porous carbon film on
β″-alumina ceramics for Na-based battery application. J Power Sources 219:1–8
15. Holzapfel M, Wilde D, Hupbauer C, Ahlbrecht K, Berger T (2017) Medium-temperature molten sodium batteries with aqueous bromine and iodine cathodes. Electrochim Acta 237:12–21
16. Zhou W, Li Y, Xin S, Goodenough JB (2017) Rechargeable sodium all-solid-state battery. ACS
Cent Sci 3:52–57
17. Lu X, Lemmon JP, Sprenkle V, Yang Z (2010) Sodium-beta alumina batteries: status and challenges. JOM 62(9):31–36
18. Dunn B, Kamath H, Tarascon J-M (2011) Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of
choices. Science 334(6058):928
19. Hueso KB, Armand M, Rojo T (2013) High temperature sodium batteries: status, challenges,
and future trends. Energy Environ Sci 6:734–749
20. Fergus JW (2012) Ion transport in sodium ion conducting solid electrolytes. Solid State Ionics
227:102–112
21. Viswanathan L, Ikuma Y, Virkar AV (1983) Transformation toughening of β″-alumina by
incorporation of zirconia. J Mater Sci 18(1):109–113
22. Small LJ, Eccleston A, Lamb J, Read AC, Robins M, Meaders T, Ingersoll D, Clem PG,
Bhavaraju S, Spoerke ED (2017) Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy
storage. J Power Sources 360(31):6
23. Cretin M, Khireddine H, Fabry P (1997) NASICON structure for alkaline ion recognition.
Sensors Actuators B Chem 43(1):224–229
24. Goodenough JB, Hong HYP, Kafalas JA (1976) Fast Na+-ion transport in skeleton structures.
Mater Res Bull 11(2):203–220
25. Jolley AG, Cohn G, Hitz GT, Wachsman ED (2015) Improving the ionic conductivity of
NASICON through aliovalent cation substitution of Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 . Ionics 21(11):3031–3038
26. Anantharamulu B, Rao KK, Rambabu G, Kumar BV, Radha V, Vithal M (2011) A wideranging review on Nasicon type materials. J Mater Sci 46:2821–2837
27. Warhus U, Maier J, Rabenau A (1988) Thermodynamics of NASICON (Na 1 + x Zr 2 Si x P3− x O12).
J Solid State Chem 72(1):113–125
28. Chen S, Wu C, Shen L, Zhu C, Huang Y, Xi K, Maier J, Yu Y (2017) Challenges and perspectives for NASICON-type electrode materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries. Adv Mater
29:1700431
29. Kreuer KD, Warhus U (1986) Nasicon solid electrolytes. Mater Res Bull 21:357–363
30. Schmid H, De Jonghe C, Cameron C (1982) Chemical stability of nasicon. Solid State
Ionics 6:57–63
31. Yde-Anderson S, Lundsgaard JS (1984) Properties of nasicon electrolytes prepared from alkoxide derived gels: ionic conductivity, durability in molten sodium and strength data. Solid
State Ionics 14:73–79
Molten Sodium Batteries