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© National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC 2021
M. Alston, T. N. Lambert (eds.), Energy-Sustainable Advanced Materials,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57492-5_2
Recent Developments of Zinc-Ion Batteries
Jaekook Kim, Vinod Mathew, Balaji Sambandam,
Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi, and Sungjin Kim
Abstract Ever since the rejuvenation of the Zn-MnO 2 system in mildly acidic electrolyte medium in 2012, the research on zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) has seen a continuous growth because of their economic, safe, and environmental advantages. The
possibility of the divalent charge in Zn
2+
ion and the high theoretical capacity of the
Zn anode contribute to high battery energy densities in a low-toxic aqueous/nonaqueous electrolyte. The research development has taken-off in specific directions
related to the design and development of various electrode materials and electrolyte
solutions to identify the state-of-the-art ZIB system that can meet practical requirements for stationary grid storage applications. In this chapter, we attempt to provide
a bird’s eye view on the advancements in the progress of electrode and electrolyte
development, specific to the early stage research. The pros and cons of the electrode
materials in terms of their structural and electrochemical stability and electrolyte
compatibility have been discussed in some detail. Since the choice of cathode is
critical to envision high energy aqueous ZIBs, the progress in this area has been
comparatively high. Hence, this chapter will focus on the practical cathode development related to manganese in ZIBs. Compared to aqueous ZIBs, and apparently less
progress in the research on non-aqueous ZIBs is also provided before the conclusion. Following a brief summary, the immediate challenges facing the research
development of ZIBs to be addressed in furthering the developments in ZIB and
raise their prospects for possible usage in commercial level applications is also
described.
Keywords Energy storage · Rechargeable batteries · Electrochemistry · Zinc-ion
batteries · Aqueous/non-aqueous electrolytes · Liquid/gel electrolytes · Flexible
batteries · Electrodes · Manganese oxides · Vanadium compounds · Prussian blue
analogues · Zinc metal · Molybdenum compounds · Perspectives
J. Kim (*) · V. Mathew · B. Sambandam · M. H. Alfaruqi · S. Kim
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University,
Gwangju, Republic of Korea
e-mail: jaekook@chonnam.ac.kr
© National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC 2021
M. Alston, T. N. Lambert (eds.), Energy-Sustainable Advanced Materials,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57492-5_2
Recent Developments of Zinc-Ion Batteries
Jaekook Kim, Vinod Mathew, Balaji Sambandam,
Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi, and Sungjin Kim
Abstract Ever since the rejuvenation of the Zn-MnO 2 system in mildly acidic electrolyte medium in 2012, the research on zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) has seen a continuous growth because of their economic, safe, and environmental advantages. The
possibility of the divalent charge in Zn
2+
ion and the high theoretical capacity of the
Zn anode contribute to high battery energy densities in a low-toxic aqueous/nonaqueous electrolyte. The research development has taken-off in specific directions
related to the design and development of various electrode materials and electrolyte
solutions to identify the state-of-the-art ZIB system that can meet practical requirements for stationary grid storage applications. In this chapter, we attempt to provide
a bird’s eye view on the advancements in the progress of electrode and electrolyte
development, specific to the early stage research. The pros and cons of the electrode
materials in terms of their structural and electrochemical stability and electrolyte
compatibility have been discussed in some detail. Since the choice of cathode is
critical to envision high energy aqueous ZIBs, the progress in this area has been
comparatively high. Hence, this chapter will focus on the practical cathode development related to manganese in ZIBs. Compared to aqueous ZIBs, and apparently less
progress in the research on non-aqueous ZIBs is also provided before the conclusion. Following a brief summary, the immediate challenges facing the research
development of ZIBs to be addressed in furthering the developments in ZIB and
raise their prospects for possible usage in commercial level applications is also
described.
Keywords Energy storage · Rechargeable batteries · Electrochemistry · Zinc-ion
batteries · Aqueous/non-aqueous electrolytes · Liquid/gel electrolytes · Flexible
batteries · Electrodes · Manganese oxides · Vanadium compounds · Prussian blue
analogues · Zinc metal · Molybdenum compounds · Perspectives
J. Kim (*) · V. Mathew · B. Sambandam · M. H. Alfaruqi · S. Kim
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University,
Gwangju, Republic of Korea
e-mail: jaekook@chonnam.ac.kr