177
lifetime discharge capacity, 13
short-circuit problem, 14
single-discharge capacity, 13
solid materials, 15
state-of-charge imbalance, 17
survey, 12–13
X-Ray Diffraction pattern, 17
zinc-aluminum-bismuth hydrotalcite, 16
zinc electrode performance, 13
Zn-Al hydrotalcite, 17
Zn-Al-Bi hydrotalcite material, 16
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs)
acidic and alkaline solutions, 46
anodes, 45, 46
aqueous, 48
capacity, 47
challenges, 29
commercial applications, 30
crystalline, 47
discharge/charge reaction, 48
electric and hybrid electric vehicle
markets, 28
electricity demand, 28
electrochemical performance, 47
electrochemical reaction, 29
electrode based experimental studies, 46
electrodes, 49
electrolytes, 30, 31
electron transfer reaction, 28
energy density, 28
fabrication, 29
Fourier electron density analysis, 47
ionic liquid in water, 47
limitations, 29
linear sweep voltammetry curves, 46
low solid-state diffusion, 29
manganese oxide polymorphs, 46
manganese-based electrodes, 48
multivalent batteries, 28
nanowire Zn-ion battery, 49
next-generation technologies, 29
NMP molecules, 48
non-aqueous electrolytes, 48
non-aqueous ZIB, 47
practical applications, 46
research developments, 49, 50
state-of-the art cathodes, 50–52
two-electron transfer, 29
Zn-MnO 2 batteries, 28
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) solution, 28
Zwitterionic 4-pyridinol, 104
Index