176
Specific heat capacity
DSC, 156
material, 156
typical inorganic molten salt eutectics, 158
Sulfide glasses, 68
Sulfur, 71, 72
Supercapacitors, 86
adsorption/desorption of ions, 116
all-electric hybrid buses, 116
capacitance, 116
“capa” vehicles, 116
electrostatics, 116
energy storage material, 116
polymer nanocomposites, 117, 118
simple dielectric capacitor, 116
symmetrical sandwich, 87
Superhydrophobicity, 138, 140, 143, 149
Superionic conductors, 88, 89
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), 136
Surface recombination, 130, 143
Sustainable energy storage
alkaline batteries, 8, 9, 18–20
electrical grid applications, 2
global automobile industry, 2
greenhouse gas emissions, 2
grid energy storage, 3
large-scale energy storage, 1
manganese cathodes, 9–11
manganese-zinc batteries, 4, 5
nickel cathodes, 17, 18
nickel-zinc batteries, 7, 8
zinc-air and zinc-bromine batteries, 2
T
Thermal energy storage (TES), 154
for CSP plant, 165
high-temperature systems, 166
integration, 155
low-temperature, 154
medium-temperature, 154
molten salts (see Molten salts)
sensible materials, 154
storage concept and storage
mechanism, 154
Thin film solar cells, 142, 149
Thin film technology, 142
Transference number, 89, 112–114
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), 42
V
Vanadium-based cathodes
classical properties, 38
diffusive-controlled reaction, 42
electrochemical cycling, 41
electrochemical intercalation/
de-intercalation, 39
electrochemical reaction, 40, 41
electrochemical regulation, 40
electrochemical technologies, 38
electrolyte, 40
electronic and magnetic properties, 38
energy density, 42
large-scale storage applications, 38
lithiation, 41
metal ions, 38
monoclinic system, 40
nanobelts cathode, 40
nanowire cathode, 41
phase evolutions, 38
pyrovanadate, 41, 42
redox electrochemical kinetics, 41
“structural water-contained” layered
oxides, 40
surface controlled capacitive reaction, 42
V 2 O 5 layers, 40
water molecules, 40
Vanadium oxides, 29
Vehicle mechanism, 89
W
Water-assisted ionic conductivity, 95
X
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 32
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
analyses, 32
Z
ZEBRA/Na–NiCl 2 , 72, 73
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)
conductivities, 109
organic linkers, 93
prototypical MOFs, 108
ZIF-8, 92, 108
Zinc anodes
academic community, 14
calcium hydroxide, 15
cell cycle life, 15
electrode, 15
electrodeposition, 15
failure mechanisms, 14
flow-assisted, 15
lead-acid batteries, 17
Index
Specific heat capacity
DSC, 156
material, 156
typical inorganic molten salt eutectics, 158
Sulfide glasses, 68
Sulfur, 71, 72
Supercapacitors, 86
adsorption/desorption of ions, 116
all-electric hybrid buses, 116
capacitance, 116
“capa” vehicles, 116
electrostatics, 116
energy storage material, 116
polymer nanocomposites, 117, 118
simple dielectric capacitor, 116
symmetrical sandwich, 87
Superhydrophobicity, 138, 140, 143, 149
Superionic conductors, 88, 89
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), 136
Surface recombination, 130, 143
Sustainable energy storage
alkaline batteries, 8, 9, 18–20
electrical grid applications, 2
global automobile industry, 2
greenhouse gas emissions, 2
grid energy storage, 3
large-scale energy storage, 1
manganese cathodes, 9–11
manganese-zinc batteries, 4, 5
nickel cathodes, 17, 18
nickel-zinc batteries, 7, 8
zinc-air and zinc-bromine batteries, 2
T
Thermal energy storage (TES), 154
for CSP plant, 165
high-temperature systems, 166
integration, 155
low-temperature, 154
medium-temperature, 154
molten salts (see Molten salts)
sensible materials, 154
storage concept and storage
mechanism, 154
Thin film solar cells, 142, 149
Thin film technology, 142
Transference number, 89, 112–114
Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), 42
V
Vanadium-based cathodes
classical properties, 38
diffusive-controlled reaction, 42
electrochemical cycling, 41
electrochemical intercalation/
de-intercalation, 39
electrochemical reaction, 40, 41
electrochemical regulation, 40
electrochemical technologies, 38
electrolyte, 40
electronic and magnetic properties, 38
energy density, 42
large-scale storage applications, 38
lithiation, 41
metal ions, 38
monoclinic system, 40
nanobelts cathode, 40
nanowire cathode, 41
phase evolutions, 38
pyrovanadate, 41, 42
redox electrochemical kinetics, 41
“structural water-contained” layered
oxides, 40
surface controlled capacitive reaction, 42
V 2 O 5 layers, 40
water molecules, 40
Vanadium oxides, 29
Vehicle mechanism, 89
W
Water-assisted ionic conductivity, 95
X
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 32
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
analyses, 32
Z
ZEBRA/Na–NiCl 2 , 72, 73
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)
conductivities, 109
organic linkers, 93
prototypical MOFs, 108
ZIF-8, 92, 108
Zinc anodes
academic community, 14
calcium hydroxide, 15
cell cycle life, 15
electrode, 15
electrodeposition, 15
failure mechanisms, 14
flow-assisted, 15
lead-acid batteries, 17
Index