174
Metallic sodium (Na) batteries (cont.)
oxidation reaction, 62
physical and electronic barrier, 61
polymers, 69, 70
power, 62
separators, 64
sodium anode, 63, 64
sodium-based batteries, 60
sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery, 59
storage community, 62
voltage, 62
ZEBRA battery, 60
Modern devices, 95
Modern electronics, 94
Molten salts
advantages, 155, 158
carbonates, 157
chlorides, 157
CuO in solidified nitrate salt, 164
description, 155
factors on specific heat capacity
aggregated Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, 164
nanomaterial concentration, 162
nanostructures, 162–164
size of nanomaterials, 161–162
variation, 164
nitrates/nitrites, 157
specific heat capacity, 158
conventional model, 159
enhancement capabilities, 159
eutectic salts without/with
nanomaterials, 160
nanomaterial-doped, 159
in thermal energy applications, 156
in thermal energy storage system, 159
thermophysical performance, 165
TiO 2 in solidified molten nitrate salt, 165
N
Na Super Ion CONductor (NaSICON), 66, 67
Nafion
®
, 94, 96–98, 102, 104
Nanocomposites
temperature, 94
water system, 95
Nanocrystalline-sized MOFs (nMOFs), 117
Nanomaterials
HTFs, 161
intuitional factors, 161
molten salts (see Molten salts)
Nanoparticulates, 158
Nanosized fillers, 112
Nanospike (NSP), 132–134
Nanostructured surfaces, 121
Nanostructures
amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell
fabrication, 132
anti-reflection (see Anti-reflection (AR)
nanostructures)
broadband-integrated absorption, 132
FDTD, 132
geometry, 131
Germanium nanostructure arrays, 131
industrial applications, 149
light harvesting properties, 130
optical absorption and photo-carrier
collection, 132
optical absorption enhancement, 130
solar cell device, 132
top-down method, 131
types, 130
utilization, 130
Nanotextured patterns, 129
Nanotextured substrates
absorption enhancement methods, 134
fabrication, 130
Lambertian scatterer, 135
in photovoltaic devices, 149
silicon solar cell, 135
for solar cell devices, 142–146
Neat polymer dielectrics, 117
Nickel cathodes, 17, 18
Nickel-zinc batteries, 7, 8
Nitrates/nitrites, 157
O
Open-framework structures
anion, 44
categories, 42
cell configurations, 43–44
de-intercalation mechanism, 44
electrochemical performances, 43–44
electrostatic force, 44
high cycling efficiency, 44
phase transition, 45
single-phase reaction, 45
zinc morphology, 44
Zn-concentration, 44
Zn-ions intercalation, 44
Organic polymers, 90, 91
P
Phase change materials (PCMs)
latent heat storage, 154
lice/cryogen, 154
TES, 154
Index
Metallic sodium (Na) batteries (cont.)
oxidation reaction, 62
physical and electronic barrier, 61
polymers, 69, 70
power, 62
separators, 64
sodium anode, 63, 64
sodium-based batteries, 60
sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery, 59
storage community, 62
voltage, 62
ZEBRA battery, 60
Modern devices, 95
Modern electronics, 94
Molten salts
advantages, 155, 158
carbonates, 157
chlorides, 157
CuO in solidified nitrate salt, 164
description, 155
factors on specific heat capacity
aggregated Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, 164
nanomaterial concentration, 162
nanostructures, 162–164
size of nanomaterials, 161–162
variation, 164
nitrates/nitrites, 157
specific heat capacity, 158
conventional model, 159
enhancement capabilities, 159
eutectic salts without/with
nanomaterials, 160
nanomaterial-doped, 159
in thermal energy applications, 156
in thermal energy storage system, 159
thermophysical performance, 165
TiO 2 in solidified molten nitrate salt, 165
N
Na Super Ion CONductor (NaSICON), 66, 67
Nafion
®
, 94, 96–98, 102, 104
Nanocomposites
temperature, 94
water system, 95
Nanocrystalline-sized MOFs (nMOFs), 117
Nanomaterials
HTFs, 161
intuitional factors, 161
molten salts (see Molten salts)
Nanoparticulates, 158
Nanosized fillers, 112
Nanospike (NSP), 132–134
Nanostructured surfaces, 121
Nanostructures
amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell
fabrication, 132
anti-reflection (see Anti-reflection (AR)
nanostructures)
broadband-integrated absorption, 132
FDTD, 132
geometry, 131
Germanium nanostructure arrays, 131
industrial applications, 149
light harvesting properties, 130
optical absorption and photo-carrier
collection, 132
optical absorption enhancement, 130
solar cell device, 132
top-down method, 131
types, 130
utilization, 130
Nanotextured patterns, 129
Nanotextured substrates
absorption enhancement methods, 134
fabrication, 130
Lambertian scatterer, 135
in photovoltaic devices, 149
silicon solar cell, 135
for solar cell devices, 142–146
Neat polymer dielectrics, 117
Nickel cathodes, 17, 18
Nickel-zinc batteries, 7, 8
Nitrates/nitrites, 157
O
Open-framework structures
anion, 44
categories, 42
cell configurations, 43–44
de-intercalation mechanism, 44
electrochemical performances, 43–44
electrostatic force, 44
high cycling efficiency, 44
phase transition, 45
single-phase reaction, 45
zinc morphology, 44
Zn-concentration, 44
Zn-ions intercalation, 44
Organic polymers, 90, 91
P
Phase change materials (PCMs)
latent heat storage, 154
lice/cryogen, 154
TES, 154
Index