experiment with various scavengers confirmed superoxide and holes as major and
minor reactive species (Pan et al. 2019). The amount of phosphorus in agricultural
waste and sewage has been estimated to be 15–20,000 mg/L; therefore, an effective
photocatalyst g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 has been synthesized via one-pot synthetic route for
removal of phosphate (PO 4
À3 ). The adsorption kinetics studies confirmed 92%
reusability of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 with 76% PO 4
À3 adsorption in 2 min by Gamshadzehi
et al. (2019).
The versatile applicability of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst has been effectively
examined by various characterization methods as discussed above (Zheng et al.
2012; Mohapatra et al. 2009). The potential properties of Fe 2 O 3 make it a suitable
candidate for elimination of unwanted microbes and pollutants from simulated
water.
2.3 Synthetic Strategies for Fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 2 O
In the domain of semiconductor-based photocatalysts, cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) with
crystal-facet tailored architecture and optimal band gap (2.0 eV) provides a meritorious arena in water remediation (Sun et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2017). Its well-known
merits include low-cost, non-toxic, and environment friendly nature, and it has
gained research interests (Bai et al. 2015; Li et al. 2011, 2015a, b, 2016; McShane
and Choi 2009; Qin et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2013; Peng et al. 2014; Raizada et al.
2020; Wang et al. 2016a, b). With outstanding physiochemical properties, it has
various morphologies such as three-dimensional solid structures (McFadyen and
Fig. 2.6 Antibacterial
activity of (a) bare g-C 3 N 4 ,
(b) Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 , and (c)
Ag-Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4
photocatalyst against
Escherichia coli (E. coli.)
bacteria. Inset a, b, and c
depict zone of inhibition for
g-C 3 N 4 , Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 , and
Ag-Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4
photocatalysts, respectively.
(Reprinted with permission
from Pant et al. in (2017)
copyright@2017 Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved)
2 Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Hybrids for Visible Light Harvesting and Water. . .
63
minor reactive species (Pan et al. 2019). The amount of phosphorus in agricultural
waste and sewage has been estimated to be 15–20,000 mg/L; therefore, an effective
photocatalyst g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 has been synthesized via one-pot synthetic route for
removal of phosphate (PO 4
À3 ). The adsorption kinetics studies confirmed 92%
reusability of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 with 76% PO 4
À3 adsorption in 2 min by Gamshadzehi
et al. (2019).
The versatile applicability of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst has been effectively
examined by various characterization methods as discussed above (Zheng et al.
2012; Mohapatra et al. 2009). The potential properties of Fe 2 O 3 make it a suitable
candidate for elimination of unwanted microbes and pollutants from simulated
water.
2.3 Synthetic Strategies for Fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 2 O
In the domain of semiconductor-based photocatalysts, cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) with
crystal-facet tailored architecture and optimal band gap (2.0 eV) provides a meritorious arena in water remediation (Sun et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2017). Its well-known
merits include low-cost, non-toxic, and environment friendly nature, and it has
gained research interests (Bai et al. 2015; Li et al. 2011, 2015a, b, 2016; McShane
and Choi 2009; Qin et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2013; Peng et al. 2014; Raizada et al.
2020; Wang et al. 2016a, b). With outstanding physiochemical properties, it has
various morphologies such as three-dimensional solid structures (McFadyen and
Fig. 2.6 Antibacterial
activity of (a) bare g-C 3 N 4 ,
(b) Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 , and (c)
Ag-Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4
photocatalyst against
Escherichia coli (E. coli.)
bacteria. Inset a, b, and c
depict zone of inhibition for
g-C 3 N 4 , Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 , and
Ag-Fe 3 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4
photocatalysts, respectively.
(Reprinted with permission
from Pant et al. in (2017)
copyright@2017 Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved)
2 Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Hybrids for Visible Light Harvesting and Water. . .
63