pollutants and facilitate the diffusions of pollutants and products away from the
photoactive centers that assisted the effective performances of the photocatalysts.
Treatments of Organic Dyes
Many researchers have studied the photocatalytic remediation of organic dyes in
water by composite materials. Degradation of methylene blue, methyl orange, acid
blue 25 (AB-25), crystal violet dye, orange II azo dye, rhodamine B by NiO-ZnO-Ag
nanocomposites (Aydoghmish et al. 2019), tetraphenylporphyrin/WO 3 /exfoliated
graphite nanocomposite (Malefane et al. 2019), reduced graphene oxide-ZrO 2 composite (Ali et al. 2019), WO 3 /TiO 2 /carbon fiber composite (Balta et al. 2019),
Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /BiPO 4 composite (Naciri et al. 2019), BiFeWO 6/ α-AgVO 3 composite
(Senthil et al. 2019), graphene/ZnO composite (Wang et al. 2019c), Nb/TiO 2
composite (Ravishankar et al. 2019), BiOBr/BiOI/cellulose composite (Du et al.
2019), CdS/g-C 3 N 4 /metal–organic framework composite (Chen et al. 2019b),
g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composite (Monga and Basu 2019), CuS-CdS composite
(Mahanthappa et al. 2019), MFe 2 O 4 -Ag 2 O composite (M ¼ Zn, Co, & Ni) (Sun
et al. 2019), Cds/reduced graphene oxide composite (Chen et al. 2019a), and CeO 2 /
sugarcane bagasse composite (Channei et al. 2017) was developed and reported.
Carbon–metal oxide composites are another interesting photocatalysts. For example, graphene oxide-doped mesoporous TiO 2 photocatalysts for rhodamine B degradation were reported (Zhang et al. 2017). The obtained photocatalysts showed
photodegradation efficiency up to 81% under visible light irradiation. In addition,
the well dispersion of graphene oxide and mesoporous TiO 2 nanoparticles leads the
good influences on the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalysts.
Additionally, semiconductors composited with polymers were also developed.
For example, modification of niobium oxides and different polymer matrices, e.g.,
polypropylene (PP), poly(3-hydroxibutyrate) (PHB), and polyurethane (WPU), were
proposed (Heitmann et al. 2019). Nano-/micro-scaled TiO 2 /polyacrylamide beads
for efficient photodegradation of organic dyes were reported (Mudassir et al. 2018).
Nanoscale feature and high surface area of the TiO 2 /polyacrylamide beads showed
the superior degradation of organic dyes and enhanced rate constant of the reactions.
The composite beads also showed interesting properties of efficient disinfections of
E.coli and S. aureus under photocatalytic applications (Mudassir et al. 2018). Other
several semiconductor/polymer composites for photocatalytic dye degradations are
BiVO 4 -GO-PTFE (Dowla et al. 2017), ZnO/PMMA (Di Mauro et al. 2017), poly
(methyl methacrylate)/TiO 2 (Mirhoseini and Salabat 2015), and Fe 2 O 3 -loaded activated carbon fiber/polymer [polyester fiber or polyethylene pulp) (Kadirova et al.
2017).
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P. Kemacheevakul and S. Chuangchote
photoactive centers that assisted the effective performances of the photocatalysts.
Treatments of Organic Dyes
Many researchers have studied the photocatalytic remediation of organic dyes in
water by composite materials. Degradation of methylene blue, methyl orange, acid
blue 25 (AB-25), crystal violet dye, orange II azo dye, rhodamine B by NiO-ZnO-Ag
nanocomposites (Aydoghmish et al. 2019), tetraphenylporphyrin/WO 3 /exfoliated
graphite nanocomposite (Malefane et al. 2019), reduced graphene oxide-ZrO 2 composite (Ali et al. 2019), WO 3 /TiO 2 /carbon fiber composite (Balta et al. 2019),
Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 /BiPO 4 composite (Naciri et al. 2019), BiFeWO 6/ α-AgVO 3 composite
(Senthil et al. 2019), graphene/ZnO composite (Wang et al. 2019c), Nb/TiO 2
composite (Ravishankar et al. 2019), BiOBr/BiOI/cellulose composite (Du et al.
2019), CdS/g-C 3 N 4 /metal–organic framework composite (Chen et al. 2019b),
g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 composite (Monga and Basu 2019), CuS-CdS composite
(Mahanthappa et al. 2019), MFe 2 O 4 -Ag 2 O composite (M ¼ Zn, Co, & Ni) (Sun
et al. 2019), Cds/reduced graphene oxide composite (Chen et al. 2019a), and CeO 2 /
sugarcane bagasse composite (Channei et al. 2017) was developed and reported.
Carbon–metal oxide composites are another interesting photocatalysts. For example, graphene oxide-doped mesoporous TiO 2 photocatalysts for rhodamine B degradation were reported (Zhang et al. 2017). The obtained photocatalysts showed
photodegradation efficiency up to 81% under visible light irradiation. In addition,
the well dispersion of graphene oxide and mesoporous TiO 2 nanoparticles leads the
good influences on the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalysts.
Additionally, semiconductors composited with polymers were also developed.
For example, modification of niobium oxides and different polymer matrices, e.g.,
polypropylene (PP), poly(3-hydroxibutyrate) (PHB), and polyurethane (WPU), were
proposed (Heitmann et al. 2019). Nano-/micro-scaled TiO 2 /polyacrylamide beads
for efficient photodegradation of organic dyes were reported (Mudassir et al. 2018).
Nanoscale feature and high surface area of the TiO 2 /polyacrylamide beads showed
the superior degradation of organic dyes and enhanced rate constant of the reactions.
The composite beads also showed interesting properties of efficient disinfections of
E.coli and S. aureus under photocatalytic applications (Mudassir et al. 2018). Other
several semiconductor/polymer composites for photocatalytic dye degradations are
BiVO 4 -GO-PTFE (Dowla et al. 2017), ZnO/PMMA (Di Mauro et al. 2017), poly
(methyl methacrylate)/TiO 2 (Mirhoseini and Salabat 2015), and Fe 2 O 3 -loaded activated carbon fiber/polymer [polyester fiber or polyethylene pulp) (Kadirova et al.
2017).
36
P. Kemacheevakul and S. Chuangchote