electrons could reduce O 2 to O 2
ÀÁ and the OH
À and OH
Á radicals could be formed
with the photo-generated holes. More radicals are generated due to the higher
separation efficacy of electron–hole pairs in the developed photocatalyst. These
generated radicals such as
Á OH
Á and O 2
À and
1 O 2 were found to be responsible for
the photodegradation of methylene blue and congo red. Equations (12.1, 12.2, 12.3,
12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, and 12.8) illustrate the creation of radicals.
catalyst þ hν ! e
À
CB þ hν
þ
VB
ð12:1Þ
h
þ
VB þ H 2 O ! H
þ
þ
À OH
ð12:2Þ
hν þ
À OH ! OH
•
ð12:3Þ
e
À
CB þ O 2 ! O 2
À
ð12:4Þ
O 2
À
þ H
þ
!
•
O 2 H
ð12:5Þ
•
O 2 H þ e
À
CB þ H
þ
! H 2 O 2
ð12:6Þ
H 2 O 2 þ e
À
! OH
•
þ
À OH
ð12:7Þ
Dye þ OH
•
! degraded product
ð12:8Þ
12.7 Conclusions
This study presents the recent applications of functionalized ionic liquids for the
removal of metal ions and different dyes. An up-to-date review of the recent articles
is presented in the first part. Later, a case study focusing on the application of a
polymer-supported ionic liquid Fe-porphyrin complex for the photodegradation of
organic dyes, namely methylene blue and congo red, is presented. It was observed
that a polymer-supported ionic liquid Fe-porphyrin complex could be effectively
used for the removal of organic dyes. This may pave a way for the efficient removal
of the organic pollutants from the wastewater.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge SIF DST-VITFIST, the SEM facility at SBST, and
RGEMS (VIT, Vellore) for allowing them to use the analytical instruments.
References
Archana V, Meera KM, Begum S, Anantharaman N (2016) Studies on removal of phenol using
ionic liquid immobilized polymeric micro-capsules. Arab J Chem 9:371–382. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.arabjc.2013.03.017
Balinge KR, Khiratkar AG, Bhagat PR (2017) Polymer supported Zn-salen complexes: an effective
one-pot oxidative esterification of aldehydes to carboxylic esters. J Mol Liq 242:1085–1095.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.105
406
D. S. Patle et al.
ÀÁ and the OH
À and OH
Á radicals could be formed
with the photo-generated holes. More radicals are generated due to the higher
separation efficacy of electron–hole pairs in the developed photocatalyst. These
generated radicals such as
Á OH
Á and O 2
À and
1 O 2 were found to be responsible for
the photodegradation of methylene blue and congo red. Equations (12.1, 12.2, 12.3,
12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, and 12.8) illustrate the creation of radicals.
catalyst þ hν ! e
À
CB þ hν
þ
VB
ð12:1Þ
h
þ
VB þ H 2 O ! H
þ
þ
À OH
ð12:2Þ
hν þ
À OH ! OH
•
ð12:3Þ
e
À
CB þ O 2 ! O 2
À
ð12:4Þ
O 2
À
þ H
þ
!
•
O 2 H
ð12:5Þ
•
O 2 H þ e
À
CB þ H
þ
! H 2 O 2
ð12:6Þ
H 2 O 2 þ e
À
! OH
•
þ
À OH
ð12:7Þ
Dye þ OH
•
! degraded product
ð12:8Þ
12.7 Conclusions
This study presents the recent applications of functionalized ionic liquids for the
removal of metal ions and different dyes. An up-to-date review of the recent articles
is presented in the first part. Later, a case study focusing on the application of a
polymer-supported ionic liquid Fe-porphyrin complex for the photodegradation of
organic dyes, namely methylene blue and congo red, is presented. It was observed
that a polymer-supported ionic liquid Fe-porphyrin complex could be effectively
used for the removal of organic dyes. This may pave a way for the efficient removal
of the organic pollutants from the wastewater.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge SIF DST-VITFIST, the SEM facility at SBST, and
RGEMS (VIT, Vellore) for allowing them to use the analytical instruments.
References
Archana V, Meera KM, Begum S, Anantharaman N (2016) Studies on removal of phenol using
ionic liquid immobilized polymeric micro-capsules. Arab J Chem 9:371–382. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.arabjc.2013.03.017
Balinge KR, Khiratkar AG, Bhagat PR (2017) Polymer supported Zn-salen complexes: an effective
one-pot oxidative esterification of aldehydes to carboxylic esters. J Mol Liq 242:1085–1095.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.105
406
D. S. Patle et al.