unpredicted mechanism (Nan et al. 2010). Furthermore, the reliability on the natural
light source is another factor which needs to be resolved through the integration of
various solar collecting technologies for an efficient outcome (Malato et al. 2009).
Hence to promote solar photocatalytic wastewater treatment technology in the
near future, few technical barriers still need to be overcome:
• Development of high photo-efficient catalyst for extensive solar spectrum
utilization.
• For cost-effective pollutant separations, catalyst immobilization approach needs
to develop.
• Coupling of solar photocatalysis with other treatment techniques.
• Inadequate experimental data and prolonged dependability on solar energy.
• Lack of techno-economic study.
• The effective and efficient design of the photocatalytic reactor.
The photocatalytic reactor design is a major challenge for the scale-up of the solar
photocatalytic process. In addition, based on process requirement, optimization of
photoreactor must consider into account, as the continuous light exposure to the
reactor leads to a rapid and efficient pollutant degradation.
Another issue with the solar photocatalysis process, which is needed to be
addressed, is the environmental impact assessment and life cycle analysis studies.
Finally, for wide industrial application, solar photocatalysis has to be developed as a
sustainable, robust and cost-effective approach.
References
Ali M, Okabe S (2015) Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal: advances in process
start-up and remaining issues. Chemosphere 141:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2015.06.094
Anjali G, Sabumon PC (2014) Bioresource technology unprecedented development of anammox in
presence of organic carbon using seed biomass from a tannery Common Effluent Treatment
Plant (CETP). Bioresour Technol 153:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.061
Assano AE, Alfano OM (1998) Reaction engineering of heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors. Z
Phys Chem 1:237–252. https://doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1998.1.1.237
Audenaert WTM, Vermeersch Y, Van Hulle SWH et al (2011) Application of a mechanistic
UV/hydrogen peroxide model at full-scale: sensitivity analysis, calibration and performance
evaluation. Chem Eng J 171:113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.071
Augugliaro V, Palmisano L (2010) Green oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds by
heterogeneous photocatalysis. ChemSusChem 3:1135–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.
201000156
Augugliaro V, Litter M, Palmisano L, Soria J (2006) The combination of heterogeneous
photocatalysis with chemical and physical operations: a tool for improving the photoprocess
performance. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 7:127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochemrev.2006.12.001
Bahnemann D (2004) Photocatalytic water treatment: solar energy applications. Sol Energy
77:445–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.03.031
382
A. Tripathi and S. Narayanan
light source is another factor which needs to be resolved through the integration of
various solar collecting technologies for an efficient outcome (Malato et al. 2009).
Hence to promote solar photocatalytic wastewater treatment technology in the
near future, few technical barriers still need to be overcome:
• Development of high photo-efficient catalyst for extensive solar spectrum
utilization.
• For cost-effective pollutant separations, catalyst immobilization approach needs
to develop.
• Coupling of solar photocatalysis with other treatment techniques.
• Inadequate experimental data and prolonged dependability on solar energy.
• Lack of techno-economic study.
• The effective and efficient design of the photocatalytic reactor.
The photocatalytic reactor design is a major challenge for the scale-up of the solar
photocatalytic process. In addition, based on process requirement, optimization of
photoreactor must consider into account, as the continuous light exposure to the
reactor leads to a rapid and efficient pollutant degradation.
Another issue with the solar photocatalysis process, which is needed to be
addressed, is the environmental impact assessment and life cycle analysis studies.
Finally, for wide industrial application, solar photocatalysis has to be developed as a
sustainable, robust and cost-effective approach.
References
Ali M, Okabe S (2015) Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal: advances in process
start-up and remaining issues. Chemosphere 141:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2015.06.094
Anjali G, Sabumon PC (2014) Bioresource technology unprecedented development of anammox in
presence of organic carbon using seed biomass from a tannery Common Effluent Treatment
Plant (CETP). Bioresour Technol 153:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.061
Assano AE, Alfano OM (1998) Reaction engineering of heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors. Z
Phys Chem 1:237–252. https://doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1998.1.1.237
Audenaert WTM, Vermeersch Y, Van Hulle SWH et al (2011) Application of a mechanistic
UV/hydrogen peroxide model at full-scale: sensitivity analysis, calibration and performance
evaluation. Chem Eng J 171:113–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.071
Augugliaro V, Palmisano L (2010) Green oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds by
heterogeneous photocatalysis. ChemSusChem 3:1135–1138. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.
201000156
Augugliaro V, Litter M, Palmisano L, Soria J (2006) The combination of heterogeneous
photocatalysis with chemical and physical operations: a tool for improving the photoprocess
performance. J Photochem Photobiol C: Photochem Rev 7:127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochemrev.2006.12.001
Bahnemann D (2004) Photocatalytic water treatment: solar energy applications. Sol Energy
77:445–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.03.031
382
A. Tripathi and S. Narayanan