because these nanostructured materials have a large surface area, high separation of
reactive species efficiency, and more active site compared to other photocatalytic
material. However, due to the requirements of the different procedures involved in
nanostructured material fabrication and high-energy consumption, several obstacles
should be overcome before applying such disinfection processes to a large scale. The
use of supported catalysts for water/wastewater disinfection approaches also showed
high efficiency in electrochemical water treatments due to its excellent properties
such as very low capacitance, extreme electrochemical stability, and high charge
diffusion pathway, enhanced separation of photogenerated charges, and high oxygen
potential for generation of oxidants. Finally, the review suggests that with the
in-depth study of the specific morphology and reactor design, nanostructure material
as a photocatalyst is extremely promising for the disinfection of bacterial cells with
the utilization of natural minerals and genetic engineering technology.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
References
Ahmed AAA, Talib ZA, bin Hussein MZ, Zakaria A (2012) Improvement of the crystallinity and
photocatalytic property of zinc oxide as calcination product of Zn–Al layered double hydroxide.
Journal of alloys and compounds 539:154–160
Ahmadi A, Wu T (2017) Inactivation of E. coli using a novel TiO 2 nanotube electrode. Environ Sci
Water Res Technol 3(3):534–545
Alarcón J, Ponce S, Paraguay-Delgado F, Rodríguez J (2011) Effect of γ-irradiation on the growth
of ZnO nanorod films for photocatalytic disinfection of contaminated water. J Colloid Interface
Sci 364(1):49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.025
Alikhani M-Y et al (2012) Photocatalytic removal of Escherichia coli from aquatic solutions using
synthesized ZnO nanoparticles: a kinetic study. Water Sci Technol 67(3):557–563. https://doi.
org/10.2166/wst.2012.593
An H, Qian Y, Gu X, Tang WZ (1996) Biological treatment of dye wastewaters using an
anaerobic-oxic system. Chemosphere 33(12):2533–2542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535
(96)00349-9
An T, Sun H, Li G, Zhao H, Wong PK (2016) Differences in photoelectrocatalytic inactivation
processes between E. coli and its isogenic single gene knockoff mutants: destruction of
membrane framework or associated proteins? Appl Catal B Environ 188:360–366. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.02.014
An T, Zhao H, Wong PK (2017) Advances in photocatalytic disinfection. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-662-53496-0
Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogendoped titanium oxides. Science 293(5528):269–271. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061051
Aslan E et al (2014) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by oleic acid-capped CdS, CdSe, and CdS0.
75Se0. 25 alloy nanocrystals. ChemPhysChem 15(13):2668–2671. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cphc.201402229
Bai H, Liu Z, Liu L, Sun DD (2013) Large-scale production of hierarchical TiO2 Nanorod spheres
for photocatalytic elimination of contaminants and killing Bacteria. Chem Eur J 19
(9):3061–3070. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201204013
Barnes RJ, Molina R, Xu J, Dobson PJ, Thompson IP (2013) Comparison of TiO 2 and ZnO
nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and the correlated inactivation
7 Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Bacterial Disinfection
235
reactive species efficiency, and more active site compared to other photocatalytic
material. However, due to the requirements of the different procedures involved in
nanostructured material fabrication and high-energy consumption, several obstacles
should be overcome before applying such disinfection processes to a large scale. The
use of supported catalysts for water/wastewater disinfection approaches also showed
high efficiency in electrochemical water treatments due to its excellent properties
such as very low capacitance, extreme electrochemical stability, and high charge
diffusion pathway, enhanced separation of photogenerated charges, and high oxygen
potential for generation of oxidants. Finally, the review suggests that with the
in-depth study of the specific morphology and reactor design, nanostructure material
as a photocatalyst is extremely promising for the disinfection of bacterial cells with
the utilization of natural minerals and genetic engineering technology.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
References
Ahmed AAA, Talib ZA, bin Hussein MZ, Zakaria A (2012) Improvement of the crystallinity and
photocatalytic property of zinc oxide as calcination product of Zn–Al layered double hydroxide.
Journal of alloys and compounds 539:154–160
Ahmadi A, Wu T (2017) Inactivation of E. coli using a novel TiO 2 nanotube electrode. Environ Sci
Water Res Technol 3(3):534–545
Alarcón J, Ponce S, Paraguay-Delgado F, Rodríguez J (2011) Effect of γ-irradiation on the growth
of ZnO nanorod films for photocatalytic disinfection of contaminated water. J Colloid Interface
Sci 364(1):49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.025
Alikhani M-Y et al (2012) Photocatalytic removal of Escherichia coli from aquatic solutions using
synthesized ZnO nanoparticles: a kinetic study. Water Sci Technol 67(3):557–563. https://doi.
org/10.2166/wst.2012.593
An H, Qian Y, Gu X, Tang WZ (1996) Biological treatment of dye wastewaters using an
anaerobic-oxic system. Chemosphere 33(12):2533–2542. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535
(96)00349-9
An T, Sun H, Li G, Zhao H, Wong PK (2016) Differences in photoelectrocatalytic inactivation
processes between E. coli and its isogenic single gene knockoff mutants: destruction of
membrane framework or associated proteins? Appl Catal B Environ 188:360–366. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.02.014
An T, Zhao H, Wong PK (2017) Advances in photocatalytic disinfection. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-662-53496-0
Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogendoped titanium oxides. Science 293(5528):269–271. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061051
Aslan E et al (2014) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by oleic acid-capped CdS, CdSe, and CdS0.
75Se0. 25 alloy nanocrystals. ChemPhysChem 15(13):2668–2671. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cphc.201402229
Bai H, Liu Z, Liu L, Sun DD (2013) Large-scale production of hierarchical TiO2 Nanorod spheres
for photocatalytic elimination of contaminants and killing Bacteria. Chem Eur J 19
(9):3061–3070. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201204013
Barnes RJ, Molina R, Xu J, Dobson PJ, Thompson IP (2013) Comparison of TiO 2 and ZnO
nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and the correlated inactivation
7 Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Bacterial Disinfection
235