so that more research could be carried out on the fabrication of near-infrared light
and full spectrum of sunlight.
2. Fabrication of nanomaterials using various approaches like liquid–solid solution,
reverse microemulsion route, and hot-injection pyrolysis by adding organic
surfactants, ligands, and chemicals may provide a new way of controlling and
monitoring the growth process and crystal nucleation effects (Lin et al. 2015;
Manna et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2011a) for the synthesis of a nanomaterial as
photocatalyst for the disinfection process needs further investigation in the future.
3. Nanomaterials that are chemically prepared as a photocatalyst for the disinfection
process show high efficiency; however, its application is restricted due to the
requirement of complicated procedure for fabrication, high cost, and production
in small quantity. While using chemical minerals, which are found naturally in
large size and low cost, is a promising technology as photocatalyst material for
the disinfection process, however, due its large particle size, it hinders its
application for water disinfection process. Therefore, reducing the size of natural
minerals to small size (nanoscale) followed by calcination to improve crystallinity
for the fabrication of composite material for the disinfection process needs further
investigation in the future.
4. The photocatalytic system differed in the reactive species produced for the disinfection bacterial cells. Due to some microorganisms resistant to the reactive
species so that more research needs in the future by integrating nanostructured
imposing gene technology with nanostructured material as a photocatalyst to
select typical microorganisms with tremendous efficiency.
In general, more research and efforts are devoted to the past in the development of
photocatalytic water disinfection. To realize the goal of scaling up the nanomaterials
as photocatalyst for water disinfection process, the future research should focus on
the photostability, reactor design, immobilization photocatalyst, optimization of
disinfection parameters and method of separating the photocatalytic material, reusability, and water matrix as well as electrochemical disinfection using boron-doped
electrodes, its capacitance, and electrochemical stability. Thus, a critical factor in
better usage of a nanomaterial as photocatalyst in the water disinfection process will
be the development of new sustainable photocatalytic material via solar irradiation
pathways by using naturally occurring nanostructured materials and chemically
synthesized material.
7.8 Conclusions
The above review showed that solar-driven nanostructured material as photocatalyst
material has broad prospects in the field of water disinfection for typical pathogenic
microbes and degradation of organic pollutants of industrial wastewater. This
chapter discussed the recent progress regarding the use of nanostructured material
(i.e., 0D, 1D, and 2D) for water disinfection systems under visible light irradiation
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T. G. Ambaye et al.
and full spectrum of sunlight.
2. Fabrication of nanomaterials using various approaches like liquid–solid solution,
reverse microemulsion route, and hot-injection pyrolysis by adding organic
surfactants, ligands, and chemicals may provide a new way of controlling and
monitoring the growth process and crystal nucleation effects (Lin et al. 2015;
Manna et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2011a) for the synthesis of a nanomaterial as
photocatalyst for the disinfection process needs further investigation in the future.
3. Nanomaterials that are chemically prepared as a photocatalyst for the disinfection
process show high efficiency; however, its application is restricted due to the
requirement of complicated procedure for fabrication, high cost, and production
in small quantity. While using chemical minerals, which are found naturally in
large size and low cost, is a promising technology as photocatalyst material for
the disinfection process, however, due its large particle size, it hinders its
application for water disinfection process. Therefore, reducing the size of natural
minerals to small size (nanoscale) followed by calcination to improve crystallinity
for the fabrication of composite material for the disinfection process needs further
investigation in the future.
4. The photocatalytic system differed in the reactive species produced for the disinfection bacterial cells. Due to some microorganisms resistant to the reactive
species so that more research needs in the future by integrating nanostructured
imposing gene technology with nanostructured material as a photocatalyst to
select typical microorganisms with tremendous efficiency.
In general, more research and efforts are devoted to the past in the development of
photocatalytic water disinfection. To realize the goal of scaling up the nanomaterials
as photocatalyst for water disinfection process, the future research should focus on
the photostability, reactor design, immobilization photocatalyst, optimization of
disinfection parameters and method of separating the photocatalytic material, reusability, and water matrix as well as electrochemical disinfection using boron-doped
electrodes, its capacitance, and electrochemical stability. Thus, a critical factor in
better usage of a nanomaterial as photocatalyst in the water disinfection process will
be the development of new sustainable photocatalytic material via solar irradiation
pathways by using naturally occurring nanostructured materials and chemically
synthesized material.
7.8 Conclusions
The above review showed that solar-driven nanostructured material as photocatalyst
material has broad prospects in the field of water disinfection for typical pathogenic
microbes and degradation of organic pollutants of industrial wastewater. This
chapter discussed the recent progress regarding the use of nanostructured material
(i.e., 0D, 1D, and 2D) for water disinfection systems under visible light irradiation
234
T. G. Ambaye et al.