H2O → H + OH
O2 → 2O
H +O2 → HO 2
H +O → OH
H +H → H 2
H + OH → H 2 + O
Ultrasonic irradiation
of liquid solution
Bubble formation
Bubble growth
Bubble collapse
. . .
Liquid without N2 (i.e.
(e.g. O2, argon, …,
bubbles)
Liquid containing N2
(e.g. air bubble)
H2O→H + OH
O2 → 2O
H +O2 → HO 2
H +O → OH
. .
Extreme conditions:
5000 K & 1000 atm
inside the bubble
N2 + O → NO + N
NO + OH → HNO2
NO + O2 → ONOO
ONOO + NO→ 2NO2
2NO2+ H2O→ HNO2 +
HNO3
. .
Fig. 5.1 Acoustic cavitation and water sonolysis during the sonication of aqueous solution in the
absence and presence of dissolved nitrogen
150
S. Merouani and O. Hamdaoui
O2 → 2O
H +O2 → HO 2
H +O → OH
H +H → H 2
H + OH → H 2 + O
Ultrasonic irradiation
of liquid solution
Bubble formation
Bubble growth
Bubble collapse
. . .
Liquid without N2 (i.e.
(e.g. O2, argon, …,
bubbles)
Liquid containing N2
(e.g. air bubble)
H2O→H + OH
O2 → 2O
H +O2 → HO 2
H +O → OH
. .
Extreme conditions:
5000 K & 1000 atm
inside the bubble
N2 + O → NO + N
NO + OH → HNO2
NO + O2 → ONOO
ONOO + NO→ 2NO2
2NO2+ H2O→ HNO2 +
HNO3
. .
Fig. 5.1 Acoustic cavitation and water sonolysis during the sonication of aqueous solution in the
absence and presence of dissolved nitrogen
150
S. Merouani and O. Hamdaoui