photocatalysts utilized for the photodegradation of azo dye. Though significant effort
has already been done in the field of photocatalysis, it still faces many challenges
which need to be overcome before practical application. From the future prospective,
certain issues need to be addressed before its practical application and more understanding of the concept behind Z-scheme, optimization of synthetic procedure for
better control over size, increasing photostability of carbonaceous material or to
minimize its photo-bleaching, green method to avoid chemical pollution, widen the
application for other pollutant which really belongs to real world. The literature
survey clearly reveals that the study was limited to certain basic pollutants like
methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, and congo red. So, the complete
photodegradation of azo dye by photocatalyst needs further extension to achieve
100% mineralization. Lastly, photo-efficiency and separation of charge carrier are
also an important issue, as no such photocatalyst is designed yet which show high
efficiency for degradation of pollutant. Despite many challenges associated, numerous opportunities are still waiting to explore endless potential of photocatalysis to be
employed in various technologies.
References
Al Anbari R, Al-Obaidy AH, Abd E (2016) Photocatalytic activity of Fe 3 O 4 under solar radiation.
Mesop Environ J 2(4):41–53. ISSN 2410-2598
Amin NK (2009) Removal of direct blue-106 dye from aqueous solution using new activated
carbons developed from pomegranate peel: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. J Hazard Mater
165(1–3):52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.067
Bagheri M, Mahjoub AR (2016) Template assisted fast photocatalytic degradation of azo dye using
ferric oxide–gallia nanostructures. RSC Adv 6(90):87555–87563. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6RA16317C
Balu S, Velmurugan S, Palanisamy S, Chen SW, Velusamy V, Yang TC, El-Shafey ESI (2019)
Synthesis of α-Fe 2 O 3 decorated g-C 3 N 4 /ZnO ternary Z-scheme photocatalyst for degradation of
tartrazine dye in aqueous media. J Taiwan Inst Chem E 99:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jtice.2019.03.011
Bian X, Hong K, Liu L, Xu M (2013) Magnetically separable hybrid CdS-TiO 2 -Fe 3 O 4
nanomaterial; enhanced photocatalytic activity under UV and visible irradiation. Appl Surf
Sci 280:349–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.159
Blake D (2001) Bibliography of work on the heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of hazardous
compounds from water and air. Nat Renew Energ Lab NRELTP-510-31319. https://doi.org/10.
2172/789771
Cao J, Wei L, Huang Q, Wang L, Han S (1999) Reducing degradation of azo dye by zero-valent
iron in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 38(3):565–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535
(98)00201-X
Chandel N, Sharma K, Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Thakur VK, Singh P
(2019) Magnetically separable ZnO/ZnFeO 4 and ZnO/CoFe 2 O 4 photocatalyst supported onto
nitrogen doped graphene for photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes. Arab J Chem 13
(2):4324–4340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.005
Chen CY (2009) Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye reactive orange 16 by TiO 2 . Water Air Soil
Pollut 202(1–4):335–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-9980-4
140
P. Shandilya et al.
has already been done in the field of photocatalysis, it still faces many challenges
which need to be overcome before practical application. From the future prospective,
certain issues need to be addressed before its practical application and more understanding of the concept behind Z-scheme, optimization of synthetic procedure for
better control over size, increasing photostability of carbonaceous material or to
minimize its photo-bleaching, green method to avoid chemical pollution, widen the
application for other pollutant which really belongs to real world. The literature
survey clearly reveals that the study was limited to certain basic pollutants like
methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, and congo red. So, the complete
photodegradation of azo dye by photocatalyst needs further extension to achieve
100% mineralization. Lastly, photo-efficiency and separation of charge carrier are
also an important issue, as no such photocatalyst is designed yet which show high
efficiency for degradation of pollutant. Despite many challenges associated, numerous opportunities are still waiting to explore endless potential of photocatalysis to be
employed in various technologies.
References
Al Anbari R, Al-Obaidy AH, Abd E (2016) Photocatalytic activity of Fe 3 O 4 under solar radiation.
Mesop Environ J 2(4):41–53. ISSN 2410-2598
Amin NK (2009) Removal of direct blue-106 dye from aqueous solution using new activated
carbons developed from pomegranate peel: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. J Hazard Mater
165(1–3):52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.067
Bagheri M, Mahjoub AR (2016) Template assisted fast photocatalytic degradation of azo dye using
ferric oxide–gallia nanostructures. RSC Adv 6(90):87555–87563. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6RA16317C
Balu S, Velmurugan S, Palanisamy S, Chen SW, Velusamy V, Yang TC, El-Shafey ESI (2019)
Synthesis of α-Fe 2 O 3 decorated g-C 3 N 4 /ZnO ternary Z-scheme photocatalyst for degradation of
tartrazine dye in aqueous media. J Taiwan Inst Chem E 99:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jtice.2019.03.011
Bian X, Hong K, Liu L, Xu M (2013) Magnetically separable hybrid CdS-TiO 2 -Fe 3 O 4
nanomaterial; enhanced photocatalytic activity under UV and visible irradiation. Appl Surf
Sci 280:349–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.159
Blake D (2001) Bibliography of work on the heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of hazardous
compounds from water and air. Nat Renew Energ Lab NRELTP-510-31319. https://doi.org/10.
2172/789771
Cao J, Wei L, Huang Q, Wang L, Han S (1999) Reducing degradation of azo dye by zero-valent
iron in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 38(3):565–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535
(98)00201-X
Chandel N, Sharma K, Sudhaik A, Raizada P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Thakur VK, Singh P
(2019) Magnetically separable ZnO/ZnFeO 4 and ZnO/CoFe 2 O 4 photocatalyst supported onto
nitrogen doped graphene for photocatalytic degradation of toxic dyes. Arab J Chem 13
(2):4324–4340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.005
Chen CY (2009) Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye reactive orange 16 by TiO 2 . Water Air Soil
Pollut 202(1–4):335–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-9980-4
140
P. Shandilya et al.