15 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources …
353
that are highly vulnerable to climate change and climate variability with associated
extreme climate events such as floods and droughts. This is due to a great reliance
on rain-fed agriculture, and little economic and institutional capacity to effectively
manage environmental and natural resources. The sub-region, therefore, requires well
designed and adequately funded adaptation strategies, such as changes in crop varieties, sowing dates and density, enhanced water harvesting and irrigation techniques,
fertilizer management, access to technologically appropriate agricultural mechanization, emphasis on crop and livestock breeding to address multiple biotic and abiotic
stresses, livelihood diversification and crop substitution to enhance food security and
livelihood. Higher costs of food production due to climate change impacts within the
basin will have a major adverse impact on food security in these countries. Climate
change is a threat multiplier requiring greater investment to reach the aspirations of
the Sustainable Development Goals.
References
Abiodun BJ et al (2013) Potential influences of global warming on future climate and extreme
events in Nigeria. Reg Environ Chang 13:477–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0381-7
AfDB (2010) Agriculture Sector Strategy 2010–2014. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/
afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Agriculture%20Sector%20Strategy%2010-14.pdf
AfDB (2018) African Development Bank Group. http://comstat.comesa.int/wiqcbkg/afdb-socioeconomic-database-1960-2019
Almeida AAF, Valle RR (2007) Ecophysiology of the cacao tree. Braz J Plant Physiol 19:425–448.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202007000400011
Caritas (2018) West African Food Crisis. https://www.caritas.org/2018/06/west-africa-food-crisisthreatens-6-million-people/
Carr MKV, Lockwood G (2011) The water relations and irrigation requirements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L).: a review. Exp Agric 47:653–676. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00144797110
00421
CCAFS (Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security) 2013 West Africa: our work. https://
ccafs.cgiar.org/west-africa-our-work#.VwKVfPmLRD8. Accessed 16 Nov 2018
Chamberlin J (2008) It’s a small world after all: defining smallholder agriculture in ghana. Discussion Paper 00823. IFPRI, Washington, DC. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b8f0/775e9fe38b0f
40504d389e59282466ed5ff2.pdf. Accessed 24 Nov 2018
Cochrane K et al (eds) (2009) Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview
of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 530. FAO,
Rome
de Condappa D et al (2008) Decision-support tool for water allocation in the Volta Basin. Volta
Basin Focal Project Report No. 10. IRD, Montpellier, France, and CPWF, Colombo, Sri Lanka,
28p
Dhonneur G (1981) Les amas nuageux mobiles principale composante de la meteorologie du Sahel.
La Meteorologie 27:75–82
Diffenbaugh NS, Giorgi F (2012) Climate change hotspots in the CMIP5 global climate
model ensemble. Clim Change 2012(114):813–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0570-x
Accessed 20 Dec 2018
FAO and ECOWAS (2017) Review of the livestock/meat and milk value chains and policy
influencing them in West Africa. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5275e.pdf
353
that are highly vulnerable to climate change and climate variability with associated
extreme climate events such as floods and droughts. This is due to a great reliance
on rain-fed agriculture, and little economic and institutional capacity to effectively
manage environmental and natural resources. The sub-region, therefore, requires well
designed and adequately funded adaptation strategies, such as changes in crop varieties, sowing dates and density, enhanced water harvesting and irrigation techniques,
fertilizer management, access to technologically appropriate agricultural mechanization, emphasis on crop and livestock breeding to address multiple biotic and abiotic
stresses, livelihood diversification and crop substitution to enhance food security and
livelihood. Higher costs of food production due to climate change impacts within the
basin will have a major adverse impact on food security in these countries. Climate
change is a threat multiplier requiring greater investment to reach the aspirations of
the Sustainable Development Goals.
References
Abiodun BJ et al (2013) Potential influences of global warming on future climate and extreme
events in Nigeria. Reg Environ Chang 13:477–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0381-7
AfDB (2010) Agriculture Sector Strategy 2010–2014. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/
afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Agriculture%20Sector%20Strategy%2010-14.pdf
AfDB (2018) African Development Bank Group. http://comstat.comesa.int/wiqcbkg/afdb-socioeconomic-database-1960-2019
Almeida AAF, Valle RR (2007) Ecophysiology of the cacao tree. Braz J Plant Physiol 19:425–448.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202007000400011
Caritas (2018) West African Food Crisis. https://www.caritas.org/2018/06/west-africa-food-crisisthreatens-6-million-people/
Carr MKV, Lockwood G (2011) The water relations and irrigation requirements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L).: a review. Exp Agric 47:653–676. https://doi.org/10.1017/S00144797110
00421
CCAFS (Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security) 2013 West Africa: our work. https://
ccafs.cgiar.org/west-africa-our-work#.VwKVfPmLRD8. Accessed 16 Nov 2018
Chamberlin J (2008) It’s a small world after all: defining smallholder agriculture in ghana. Discussion Paper 00823. IFPRI, Washington, DC. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b8f0/775e9fe38b0f
40504d389e59282466ed5ff2.pdf. Accessed 24 Nov 2018
Cochrane K et al (eds) (2009) Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview
of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 530. FAO,
Rome
de Condappa D et al (2008) Decision-support tool for water allocation in the Volta Basin. Volta
Basin Focal Project Report No. 10. IRD, Montpellier, France, and CPWF, Colombo, Sri Lanka,
28p
Dhonneur G (1981) Les amas nuageux mobiles principale composante de la meteorologie du Sahel.
La Meteorologie 27:75–82
Diffenbaugh NS, Giorgi F (2012) Climate change hotspots in the CMIP5 global climate
model ensemble. Clim Change 2012(114):813–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0570-x
Accessed 20 Dec 2018
FAO and ECOWAS (2017) Review of the livestock/meat and milk value chains and policy
influencing them in West Africa. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5275e.pdf