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Rateb A, Chung-Yen K, Moslem I, Kuo-Hsin T, Wen-Hau L, Kuo-En C, Tzu-Pang T (2017)
Terrestrial water storage in African hydrological regimes derived from GRACE mission data:
intercomparison of spherical harmonics, mass concentration, and scalar slepian methods. Sensors
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Southern African mainland. J Weather Forecast 19(5):789–805
Richard Y, Fauchereau N, Poccard I, Rouault M, Trzaska S (2001) 20th century droughts in southern
Africa: Spatial and temporal variability, teleconnections with oceanic and atmospheric conditions.
Int J Climatol 21(7):873–885
Richter BD, Baumgartner JV, Powell J, Braun DP (1996) A method for assessing hydrologic
alteration within ecosystems. Conserv Biol 10(4):1163–1174
Rouault M, Richard Y (2005) Intensity and spatial extent of droughts in southern Africa. Geophys
Res Lett 32:15
Saraiva OAML, Masih I, Uhlenbrook S, Jewitt GPW, Van der Zaag P, Riddell E (2015) Drivers of
spatial and temporal variability of streamflow in the Incomati River basin. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
19(2):657–673
Sarron C (2005) Effects of wetland degradation on the hydrological regime of a quaternary
catchment: Mohlapitse River. Ga Mampa valley, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Schulze R (2005) Climate change and water resources in Southern Africa: studies on scenarios,
impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation. WRC Report No. 1430/1/05. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa
Schulze R (2011) Approaches towards practical adaptive management options for selected waterrelated sectors in South Africa in a context of climate change. Water 37(5):621–646
Schulze RE (2000). Modelling hydrological responses to land use and climate change: a Southern
African perspective. Ambio 29(1):12–22
Schulze RE, Pike A (2004) Development and evaluation of an installed hydrological modelling
system. Water Research Commision Report, vol. 1155/1. pp: 04
Schulze RE, Kunz RP, Lumsden TG, Davis NS (2014) On model selection, downscaling and bias
correction of GCM output for design hydrological applications, with emphasis on the CSIR
GCMs. In: DEA (ed.) Long-term adaptation scenarios flagship research programme (LTAS) for
South Africa Phase Two. Report No. 7. Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Pretoria,
South Africa
Shongwe M, Van Oldenborgh G, Van Den Hurk B, De Boer B, Coelho C, Van Aalst M (2009)
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming part I:
Southern Africa. J Clim 22(13):3819–3837
Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor M, Miller H (2007) IPCC,
Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK and New York, USA
Syed TH, Famiglietti JS, Chambers DP, Willis JK, Hilburn K (2010) Satellite-based global-ocean
mass balance estimates of interannual variability and emerging trends in continental freshwater
discharge. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107(42):17916–17921
Tadross M, Jack C, Hewitson B (2005) On RCM based projections of change in southern African
summer climate. Geophys Res Lett 32(1):23–35
Taylor V, Schulze RE, Jewitt GP (2003) Application of the indicators of hydrological alteration
method to the Mkomazi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Aqua Sci 28(1):1–11
Timmermann A, Oberhuber J, Bacher A, Esch M, Latif M, Roeckner E (1999) Increased El Nino
frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature 398(6729):694–697
Tirado MC, Clarke R, Jaykus LA, McQuatters-Gollop A, Frank JM (2010) Climate change and
food safety: a review. Food Res Int 43(7):1745–1765
Todd MC, Andersson L, Ambrosino C, Hughes DA, Kniveton DR, Mileham L, Murray-Hudson
M, Raghavan S, Taylor R, Wolski P (2011) Climate change impacts on hydrology in Africa:
case studies of river basin water resources, African Climate and Climate Change. Springer, pp
123–153
S. Kusangaya et al.
Rateb A, Chung-Yen K, Moslem I, Kuo-Hsin T, Wen-Hau L, Kuo-En C, Tzu-Pang T (2017)
Terrestrial water storage in African hydrological regimes derived from GRACE mission data:
intercomparison of spherical harmonics, mass concentration, and scalar slepian methods. Sensors
Reason C, Keibel A (2004) Tropical cyclone Eline and its unusual penetration and impacts over the
Southern African mainland. J Weather Forecast 19(5):789–805
Richard Y, Fauchereau N, Poccard I, Rouault M, Trzaska S (2001) 20th century droughts in southern
Africa: Spatial and temporal variability, teleconnections with oceanic and atmospheric conditions.
Int J Climatol 21(7):873–885
Richter BD, Baumgartner JV, Powell J, Braun DP (1996) A method for assessing hydrologic
alteration within ecosystems. Conserv Biol 10(4):1163–1174
Rouault M, Richard Y (2005) Intensity and spatial extent of droughts in southern Africa. Geophys
Res Lett 32:15
Saraiva OAML, Masih I, Uhlenbrook S, Jewitt GPW, Van der Zaag P, Riddell E (2015) Drivers of
spatial and temporal variability of streamflow in the Incomati River basin. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
19(2):657–673
Sarron C (2005) Effects of wetland degradation on the hydrological regime of a quaternary
catchment: Mohlapitse River. Ga Mampa valley, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Schulze R (2005) Climate change and water resources in Southern Africa: studies on scenarios,
impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation. WRC Report No. 1430/1/05. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa
Schulze R (2011) Approaches towards practical adaptive management options for selected waterrelated sectors in South Africa in a context of climate change. Water 37(5):621–646
Schulze RE (2000). Modelling hydrological responses to land use and climate change: a Southern
African perspective. Ambio 29(1):12–22
Schulze RE, Pike A (2004) Development and evaluation of an installed hydrological modelling
system. Water Research Commision Report, vol. 1155/1. pp: 04
Schulze RE, Kunz RP, Lumsden TG, Davis NS (2014) On model selection, downscaling and bias
correction of GCM output for design hydrological applications, with emphasis on the CSIR
GCMs. In: DEA (ed.) Long-term adaptation scenarios flagship research programme (LTAS) for
South Africa Phase Two. Report No. 7. Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Pretoria,
South Africa
Shongwe M, Van Oldenborgh G, Van Den Hurk B, De Boer B, Coelho C, Van Aalst M (2009)
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming part I:
Southern Africa. J Clim 22(13):3819–3837
Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor M, Miller H (2007) IPCC,
Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK and New York, USA
Syed TH, Famiglietti JS, Chambers DP, Willis JK, Hilburn K (2010) Satellite-based global-ocean
mass balance estimates of interannual variability and emerging trends in continental freshwater
discharge. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107(42):17916–17921
Tadross M, Jack C, Hewitson B (2005) On RCM based projections of change in southern African
summer climate. Geophys Res Lett 32(1):23–35
Taylor V, Schulze RE, Jewitt GP (2003) Application of the indicators of hydrological alteration
method to the Mkomazi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J Aqua Sci 28(1):1–11
Timmermann A, Oberhuber J, Bacher A, Esch M, Latif M, Roeckner E (1999) Increased El Nino
frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature 398(6729):694–697
Tirado MC, Clarke R, Jaykus LA, McQuatters-Gollop A, Frank JM (2010) Climate change and
food safety: a review. Food Res Int 43(7):1745–1765
Todd MC, Andersson L, Ambrosino C, Hughes DA, Kniveton DR, Mileham L, Murray-Hudson
M, Raghavan S, Taylor R, Wolski P (2011) Climate change impacts on hydrology in Africa:
case studies of river basin water resources, African Climate and Climate Change. Springer, pp
123–153