535
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021
K. De Baets, J. Huntley (eds.), The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism,
Topics in Geobiology 49, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42484-8
A
Acalyptratae, 460
as parasitoids, 426
Acanthocephala, 7–8, 233, 257
accidental host, 275
anchoring, 291, 292
copulatory cap, 288
definitive hosts, 275, 276, 285
eggs, 280–286
structure, 288
taxonomic diagnosis, 283
evolution, 297–299
epibiotic/ectoparasitic stage,
296–298
host constraints, 297
fossilisation potential, 298
presoma, 290
coprolites, 283
copulatory cap, 288
eggs, 299
hooks, 286
pathological manifestations, 293
fossil record, 8, 11, 256
Archiacanthocephala, 257
in coprolites, 8
eggs, 286, 299, 301
functional morphology, 289
general aspects, 7
in hominoids, 279
hooks, 286, 287
host switching, 16
humans infections, 278, 279, 283
intermediate host, 273, 275
inverse sexual dimorphism, 276
last common ancestors (LCAs), 297, 298
life cycle, 7, 273–275
evolution, 300
mating, 274
morphology, 277, 286, 289, 291, 303
outer contour, 289, 290
pathological manifestations, 293, 294 (see
also Pathologies)
phylogenetic relationships, 294, 295,
297, 301
presomal musculature, 290, 291
presomal sensory organs, 292, 293
reduction of intestinal tract, 293
soft tissue preservation, 289
tegument, 289, 290
Acanthor, 257, 274–275
Acari, 322
acariform mites, 323 (see also
Acariformes)
evolution of parasitism, 335
fossil record, 12, 317, 320, 322
general aspects, 322
as hosts for
Crabronidae, 484
monophyly, 323
origins of parasitic behaviour,
335–337
parasitic clades, 317
parasitiform mites, 328 (see also
Parasitiformes)
Acariform mites, 323
sarcoptiforms, 327
trombidiform, 326
See also Acariformes
Index