521
Nel P, Bertrand S, Nel A (2018) Diversification of insects since the Devonian: a new approach
based on morphological disparity of mouthparts. Sci Rep 8:3516. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-018-21938-1
Newton AF (2005) Leiodidae Fleming, 1821. In: Beutel RG, Leschen RAB (eds) Handbuch
der Zoologie; Band IV: Arthropoda: Insecta; Teilband 38: Coleoptera, Beetles, Morphology
and systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim), vol 1. Walter de
Gruyter, Berlin, pp 269–280
Olmi, M. (1998) New Embolemidae and Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frust Entomol
20:30–118
O’Neill KM (2001) Solitary wasps: behavior and natural history. Cornell University Press,
Ithaca, NY
O’Reilly J, Donoghue PC (2016) Tips and nodes are complementary, not competing approaches
to the calibration of molecular clocks. Biol Lett 12:20150975. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rsbl.2015.0975
O’Reilly JE, dos Reis M, Donoghue PC (2015) Dating tips for divergence-time estimation. Trends
Genet 31:637–650
Obame-Nkoghe J, Rahola N, Bourgarel M, Yangari P, Prugnolle F, Maganga GD, Leroy E-M,
Fontenille D, Ayala D, Paupy C (2016) Bat flies (Diptera: Nyceribiidae and Streblidae) infesting cave-dwelling bats in Gabon: diversity, dynamics and potential role in Polychromophilus
melanipherus transmission. Parasit Vect 9:333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1625-z
Oberprieler SK, Rasnitsyn AP, Brothers DJ (2012) The first wasps from the Upper Jurassic of
Australia (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea, Praeaulacidae). Zootaxa 3503:47–54
Oksanen L, Fretwell SD, Arruda J, Niemalä P (1981) Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of
primary productivity. Am Nat 118:240–261
Oldroyd H (1964) The natural history of flies. W.W. Norton, New York
Ortega-Blanco J, Rasnitsyn AP, Delclòs X (2010) A new family of ceraphronoid wasps from Early
Cretaceous Álava amber, Spain. Acta Palaentol Pol 55:265–276
Ortega-Blanco J, Delclòs X, Engel MS (2011a) The wasp family Embolemidae in Early Cretaceous
amber from Spain (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). J Kansas Entomol Soc 84:36–42
Ortega-Blanco J, Delclòs X, Engel MS (2011b) Diverse stigmaphronid wasps in Early Cretaceous
amber from Spain (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea: Stigmaphronidae). Cretac Res 32:762–773
Ortega-Blanco J, Delclòs X, Engel MS (2011c) A protorhyssaline wasp in Early Cretaceous amber
from Spain (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J Kansas Entomol Soc 84:51–57
Oryan A, Razavi SM, Bahrami S (2009) Occurrence and biology of goat warble fly infestation by
Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera: Oestridae) in Iran. Vet Parasitol 166:178-181
Parfin S (1958) Notes on the bionomics of the Mantispidae (Neuroptera: Planipennia). Entomol
News 69:203–207
Pape T (2001) Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera). Syst Entomol 26:131-171
Paulian R (1988) Biologie des Coléoptères. Lechevalier, Paris
Peck SB (2006) Distribution and biology of the ectoparasitic beaver beetle Platypsyllus castoris
Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae). Insect Mundi 20:85–94
Peñalver E, Delclòs X (2010) Spanish amber. In: Penney D (ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber
from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, UK, pp 236–270
Peñalver E, Engel MS (2006) Two wasp families rare in the fossil record (Hymenoptera):
Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain. Am Mus Novit 3540:1–12
Peñalver E, Fontal-Cazalla FM, Pujade-Villar J (2013) Palaeogronotoma n. gen. from the Miocene
of Spain, the first Tertiary fossil record of the subfamily Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae).
Geodiversitas 35:643–653
Penney D (2010) Dominican amber. In: Penney D (ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the
major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, UK, pp 22–39
Penteado-Dias AM, van Achterberg C (2002) First record of the genus Probethylus Ashmead
(Sclerogibbidae: Probethylinae) from Brazil, with a description of a new species. Zool Meded
76:105–107
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution
Nel P, Bertrand S, Nel A (2018) Diversification of insects since the Devonian: a new approach
based on morphological disparity of mouthparts. Sci Rep 8:3516. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-018-21938-1
Newton AF (2005) Leiodidae Fleming, 1821. In: Beutel RG, Leschen RAB (eds) Handbuch
der Zoologie; Band IV: Arthropoda: Insecta; Teilband 38: Coleoptera, Beetles, Morphology
and systematics (Archostemata, Adephaga, Myxophaga, Polyphaga partim), vol 1. Walter de
Gruyter, Berlin, pp 269–280
Olmi, M. (1998) New Embolemidae and Dryinidae (Hymenoptera Chrysidoidea). Frust Entomol
20:30–118
O’Neill KM (2001) Solitary wasps: behavior and natural history. Cornell University Press,
Ithaca, NY
O’Reilly J, Donoghue PC (2016) Tips and nodes are complementary, not competing approaches
to the calibration of molecular clocks. Biol Lett 12:20150975. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rsbl.2015.0975
O’Reilly JE, dos Reis M, Donoghue PC (2015) Dating tips for divergence-time estimation. Trends
Genet 31:637–650
Obame-Nkoghe J, Rahola N, Bourgarel M, Yangari P, Prugnolle F, Maganga GD, Leroy E-M,
Fontenille D, Ayala D, Paupy C (2016) Bat flies (Diptera: Nyceribiidae and Streblidae) infesting cave-dwelling bats in Gabon: diversity, dynamics and potential role in Polychromophilus
melanipherus transmission. Parasit Vect 9:333. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1625-z
Oberprieler SK, Rasnitsyn AP, Brothers DJ (2012) The first wasps from the Upper Jurassic of
Australia (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea, Praeaulacidae). Zootaxa 3503:47–54
Oksanen L, Fretwell SD, Arruda J, Niemalä P (1981) Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of
primary productivity. Am Nat 118:240–261
Oldroyd H (1964) The natural history of flies. W.W. Norton, New York
Ortega-Blanco J, Rasnitsyn AP, Delclòs X (2010) A new family of ceraphronoid wasps from Early
Cretaceous Álava amber, Spain. Acta Palaentol Pol 55:265–276
Ortega-Blanco J, Delclòs X, Engel MS (2011a) The wasp family Embolemidae in Early Cretaceous
amber from Spain (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). J Kansas Entomol Soc 84:36–42
Ortega-Blanco J, Delclòs X, Engel MS (2011b) Diverse stigmaphronid wasps in Early Cretaceous
amber from Spain (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea: Stigmaphronidae). Cretac Res 32:762–773
Ortega-Blanco J, Delclòs X, Engel MS (2011c) A protorhyssaline wasp in Early Cretaceous amber
from Spain (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J Kansas Entomol Soc 84:51–57
Oryan A, Razavi SM, Bahrami S (2009) Occurrence and biology of goat warble fly infestation by
Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera: Oestridae) in Iran. Vet Parasitol 166:178-181
Parfin S (1958) Notes on the bionomics of the Mantispidae (Neuroptera: Planipennia). Entomol
News 69:203–207
Pape T (2001) Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera). Syst Entomol 26:131-171
Paulian R (1988) Biologie des Coléoptères. Lechevalier, Paris
Peck SB (2006) Distribution and biology of the ectoparasitic beaver beetle Platypsyllus castoris
Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae). Insect Mundi 20:85–94
Peñalver E, Delclòs X (2010) Spanish amber. In: Penney D (ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber
from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, UK, pp 236–270
Peñalver E, Engel MS (2006) Two wasp families rare in the fossil record (Hymenoptera):
Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain. Am Mus Novit 3540:1–12
Peñalver E, Fontal-Cazalla FM, Pujade-Villar J (2013) Palaeogronotoma n. gen. from the Miocene
of Spain, the first Tertiary fossil record of the subfamily Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae).
Geodiversitas 35:643–653
Penney D (2010) Dominican amber. In: Penney D (ed) Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the
major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, UK, pp 22–39
Penteado-Dias AM, van Achterberg C (2002) First record of the genus Probethylus Ashmead
(Sclerogibbidae: Probethylinae) from Brazil, with a description of a new species. Zool Meded
76:105–107
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution