425
Taxon
a
Parasitoid larval life-habit
b
Dominant larval hosts
c
Host stage of
larval parasitoid
attack
d
Geochronologic
range
e
References
f
Bombyliidae
Ectoparasitoid, endoparasitoid,
hyperparasitoid
Orthoptera: Acrididae; Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae; Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae, Noctuidae; Diptera:
Tachinidae; Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae, Apidae,
Ichneumonidae
Eggs, larvae
and pupae
variously of free
feeders and
parasitoids
Callovian–
Recent
Clausen (1940), Hull
(1973), Rasnitsyn
(1985), Eggleton and
Belshaw (1992), Yeates
and Greathead (1997),
Nel and De Ploëg
(2004), Grimaldi and
Engel (2005a),
Wedmann and Yeates
(2008)
Empidoidea
Empididae
Endoparasitoid, ectoparasitoid Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae,
Rhyacophilidae
Pupae
Tithonian–
Recent
Knutson and Flint
(1979), Vinikour and
Anderson (1981),
Eggleton and Belshaw
(1992), Coram et al.
(2000)
Aschiza
j
Phoridae
Endoparasitoid,
cleptoparasitoid
Oligochaeta; Gastropoda:
Pulmonata; Opiliones; Araneae;
Myriapoda; Hemiptera; Coleoptera;
Diptera; Trichoptera; Hymenoptera:
Vespoidea, Apoidea
Eggs, nymphs,
larvae, other
immatures;
adults
Albian–Recent Robinson (1971), Ferrar
(1987), Arillo and
Mostovski (1999),
Eggleton and Belshaw
(1992), Brown (1997,
1998), Coupland and
Barker (2004), Grimaldi
and Engel (2005a)
(continued)
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution