Fig. 11.4 Evolutionary shifts to and from the parasitoid habit in (a) Coleoptera, including
Strepsiptera, (b) Diptera and (c) Hymenoptera. The thickness of the arrow is directly proportional
to the number of described parasitoid species in families that are derived from the ancestor making
the shift. It does not indicate the number of times the shift has occurred; data compiled as of 1991.
Abbreviations of Coleoptera Taxa: Bo Bothrideridae, Ca Carabidae, Cl Cleridae, Cu Curculionidae,
Me Meloidae, Pa Passandridae, Rhc Rhipiceridae, Rhp Ripiphoridae, Sc Scarabaeidae, Sta
Staphylinidae, Str Strepsiptera. Abbreviations of Diptera taxa: Ac Acroceridae, An Anthomyiidae,
As Asilidae, Bo Bombyliidae, Ca Calliphoridae, Ce Cecidomyiidae, Chi Chironomidae, Chl
Chloropidae, Co Conopidae, Cr Cryptochaetidae, Em Empididae, Mu Muscidae, My
Mycetophilidae, Ne Nemestrinidae, Pho Phoridae, Pha Phaeomyiidae, Pi Pipunculidae, Py
Pyrgotidae, Rh Rhinophoridae, Sa Sarcophagidae, Sc Sciomyzidae, Ta Tachinidae. Abbreviations
Fig.  11.4 (continued) of Hymenoptera taxa: Ag Agaonidae, Ap Apidae, Be Bethylidae, Ch
Chrysididae, Cy Cynipidae, Eul Eulophidae, Eum Eumenidae, Eup Eupelmidae, Eur Eurytomidae,
Ev Evaniidae, Fo Formicidae, Ga Gasteruptiidae, Ic Ichneumonidae, Ma Masaridae, Po Pompilidae,
Pt Pteromalidae, Sa Sapygidae, Sp Sphecidae, Ta Tanaostigmatidae, To Torymidae, Ve Vespidae.
(Reproduced with permission from Figs. 2–4 in Eggleton and Belshaw 1992)