26
between birds and ancestors of human pathogenic nematodes. Nat Commun 7:11396. https://
doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11396
Suh A (2021) Horizontal Transfer of Transposons as Genomic Fossils of Host-Parasite Interactions.
In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism: Coevolution
and Paleoparasitological Techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Thompson RA, Lymbery AJ, Godfrey SS (2018) Parasites at risk–insights from an endangered
marsupial. Trends Parasitol 34(1):12–22
Upeniece I (2001) The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia).
Foss Rec 4(1):101–119
Upeniece I (2011) Palaeoecology and juvenile individuals of the Devonian placoderm and acanthodian fishes from Lode site, Latvia. Dissertation, University of Latvia. Available at http://
www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/zinas/Upeniece_Ieva_- _2011_- _promocijas_
darba_kopsavilkums.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2018
Valtonen ET, Marcogliese DJ, Julkunen M (2010) Vertebrate diets derived from trophically transmitted fish parasites in the Bothnian Bay. Oecologia 162(1):139. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00442- 009- 1451- 5
Verweyen L, Klimpel S, Palm HW (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Acanthocephala
(class Palaeacanthocephala) with a paraphyletic assemblage of the orders Polymorphida
and Echinorhynchida. PLoS One 6(12):e28285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.
pone.0028285
Vršanský P, Ren D, Shih C (2010) Nakridletia ord. n.–enigmatic insect parasites support sociality
and endothermy of pterosaurs. Amba Projekty 8:1–16
Waage JK (1979) The evolution of insect/vertebrate associations. Biol J Linn Soc 12(3):187–224
Walossek D, Müller KJ (1994) Pentastomid parasites from the Lower Palaeozoic of Sweden. Earth
Environ Sci Trans R Soc Edin 85(1):1–37
Walossek D, Repetski JE, Müller KJ (1994) An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod,
Heymonsicambria taylori n. sp. (Arthropoda incertae sedis: Pentastomida), from Cambrian–
Ordovician boundary beds of Newfoundland, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 31(11):1664–1671
Wappler T, Smith VS, Dalgleish RC (2004) Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil.
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 271(Suppl 5):S255–S258
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett
12(7):20160324. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0324
Whittington ID (1998) Diversity “down under”: monogeneans in the Antipodes (Australia) with a
prediction of monogenean biodiversity worldwide. Int J Parasitol 28(10):1481–1493
Williams JD, Boyko CB (2012) The global diversity of parasitic isopods associated with crustacean hosts (Isopoda: Bopyroidea and Cryptoniscoidea). PLoS One 7(4):e35350. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035350
Williams EH, Bunkley-Williams L, Ebert DA (2010) An accidental attachment of Elthusa raynaudii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) in Etmopterus sp.(Squaliformes, Etmopteridae). Acta Parasitol
55(1):99–101
Wilson GD, Paterson JR, Kear BP (2011) Fossil isopods associated with a fish skeleton from
the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia–direct evidence of a scavenging lifestyle in
Mesozoic Cymothoida. Palaeontology 54(5):1053–1068
Witmer LM (1995) The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft
tissues in fossils. In: Thomason J (ed) Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology.
Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp 19–33
Wood JR, Wilmshurst JM, Rawlence NJ, Bonner KI, Worthy TH, Kinsella JM, Cooper A (2013)
A megafauna’s microfauna: gastrointestinal parasites of New Zealand’s extinct moa (Aves:
Dinornithiformes). PLoS One 8(2):e57315. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057315
Xing L, McKellar RC, Xu X, Li G, Bai M, Persons WS IV, Miyashita T, Benton MJ, Zhang J,
Wolfe AP, Yi Q, Tseng K, Ran H, Currie PJ (2016) A feathered dinosaur tail with primitive
plumage trapped in mid-Cretaceous amber. Curr Biol 26(24):3352–3360
T. L. F. Leung
between birds and ancestors of human pathogenic nematodes. Nat Commun 7:11396. https://
doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11396
Suh A (2021) Horizontal Transfer of Transposons as Genomic Fossils of Host-Parasite Interactions.
In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism: Coevolution
and Paleoparasitological Techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Thompson RA, Lymbery AJ, Godfrey SS (2018) Parasites at risk–insights from an endangered
marsupial. Trends Parasitol 34(1):12–22
Upeniece I (2001) The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia).
Foss Rec 4(1):101–119
Upeniece I (2011) Palaeoecology and juvenile individuals of the Devonian placoderm and acanthodian fishes from Lode site, Latvia. Dissertation, University of Latvia. Available at http://
www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/zinas/Upeniece_Ieva_- _2011_- _promocijas_
darba_kopsavilkums.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2018
Valtonen ET, Marcogliese DJ, Julkunen M (2010) Vertebrate diets derived from trophically transmitted fish parasites in the Bothnian Bay. Oecologia 162(1):139. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00442- 009- 1451- 5
Verweyen L, Klimpel S, Palm HW (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Acanthocephala
(class Palaeacanthocephala) with a paraphyletic assemblage of the orders Polymorphida
and Echinorhynchida. PLoS One 6(12):e28285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.
pone.0028285
Vršanský P, Ren D, Shih C (2010) Nakridletia ord. n.–enigmatic insect parasites support sociality
and endothermy of pterosaurs. Amba Projekty 8:1–16
Waage JK (1979) The evolution of insect/vertebrate associations. Biol J Linn Soc 12(3):187–224
Walossek D, Müller KJ (1994) Pentastomid parasites from the Lower Palaeozoic of Sweden. Earth
Environ Sci Trans R Soc Edin 85(1):1–37
Walossek D, Repetski JE, Müller KJ (1994) An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod,
Heymonsicambria taylori n. sp. (Arthropoda incertae sedis: Pentastomida), from Cambrian–
Ordovician boundary beds of Newfoundland, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 31(11):1664–1671
Wappler T, Smith VS, Dalgleish RC (2004) Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil.
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 271(Suppl 5):S255–S258
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett
12(7):20160324. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0324
Whittington ID (1998) Diversity “down under”: monogeneans in the Antipodes (Australia) with a
prediction of monogenean biodiversity worldwide. Int J Parasitol 28(10):1481–1493
Williams JD, Boyko CB (2012) The global diversity of parasitic isopods associated with crustacean hosts (Isopoda: Bopyroidea and Cryptoniscoidea). PLoS One 7(4):e35350. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035350
Williams EH, Bunkley-Williams L, Ebert DA (2010) An accidental attachment of Elthusa raynaudii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) in Etmopterus sp.(Squaliformes, Etmopteridae). Acta Parasitol
55(1):99–101
Wilson GD, Paterson JR, Kear BP (2011) Fossil isopods associated with a fish skeleton from
the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia–direct evidence of a scavenging lifestyle in
Mesozoic Cymothoida. Palaeontology 54(5):1053–1068
Witmer LM (1995) The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft
tissues in fossils. In: Thomason J (ed) Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology.
Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp 19–33
Wood JR, Wilmshurst JM, Rawlence NJ, Bonner KI, Worthy TH, Kinsella JM, Cooper A (2013)
A megafauna’s microfauna: gastrointestinal parasites of New Zealand’s extinct moa (Aves:
Dinornithiformes). PLoS One 8(2):e57315. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057315
Xing L, McKellar RC, Xu X, Li G, Bai M, Persons WS IV, Miyashita T, Benton MJ, Zhang J,
Wolfe AP, Yi Q, Tseng K, Ran H, Currie PJ (2016) A feathered dinosaur tail with primitive
plumage trapped in mid-Cretaceous amber. Curr Biol 26(24):3352–3360
T. L. F. Leung