271
Waggoner BM, Poinar GO Jr (1993) Fossil habrotrochid rotifers in Dominican amber. Experientia
49(4):354–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923421
Walossek D, Müller KJ (1994) Pentastomid parasites from the lower Paleozoic of Sweden. Trans
R Soc Edinburgh-Earth Sci 85:1–37
Walossek D, Repetski JE, Muller KJ (1994) An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod,
Heymonsicambria taylori n.sp. (Arthropoda incertae sedis: Pentastomida), from CambrianOrdovician boundary beds of Newfoundland, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 31(11):1664–1671
Waloszek D, Repetski JE, Maas A (2005) A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the
relationships of this parasitic group. Trans R Soc Edinburgh-Earth Sci 96:163–176. https://doi.
org/10.1017/S0263593300001280
Waltécio de Oliveira A, Christoffersen ML (1999) A cladistic approach to relationships in
Pentastomida. J Parasitol 85(4):695–704. https://doi.org/10.2307/3285745
Warn JM (1974) Presumed myzostomid infestation of an ordovician crinoid. J Paleontol
48(3):506–513
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism:
Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Weigert A, Helm C, Meyer M, Nickel B, Arendt D, Hausdorf B, Santos SR, Halanych KM,
Purschke G, Bleidorn C (2014) Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using transcriptomics.
Mol Biol Evol 31(6):1391–1401
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett 12(7).
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0324
Welch JR (1976) Phosphannulus on Paleozoic crinoid stems. J Paleontol 50(2):218–225
Wolfe JM, Daley AC, Legg DA, Edgecombe GD (2016) Fossil calibrations for the arthropod Tree
of Life. Earth-Sci Rev 160:43–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.008
Yang B, Steiner M, Zhu M, Li G, Liu J, Liu P (2016) Transitional Ediacaran–Cambrian small
skeletal fossil assemblages from South China and Kazakhstan: implications for chronostratigraphy and metazoan evolution. Precambrian Res 285:202–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
precamres.2016.09.016
Yang C, Li X-H, Zhu M, Condon DJ, Chen J (2018) Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian
Chengjiang biota, South China. J Geol Soc 175(4):659–666. https://doi.org/10.1144/
jgs2017- 103
Zangerl R, Case GR (1976) Cobelodus aculeatus (Cope), an anacanthous shark from Pennsylvanian
black shales of North America. Palaeontogr Abt A 154(4–6):107–157
Zrzavý J (2001) The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum-and higher-level
hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Folia Parasitol
48(2):81–103
Zrzavý J, Hypša V, Tietz DF (2001) Myzostomida are not annelids: molecular and morphological
support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17(2):170–198
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution
Waggoner BM, Poinar GO Jr (1993) Fossil habrotrochid rotifers in Dominican amber. Experientia
49(4):354–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923421
Walossek D, Müller KJ (1994) Pentastomid parasites from the lower Paleozoic of Sweden. Trans
R Soc Edinburgh-Earth Sci 85:1–37
Walossek D, Repetski JE, Muller KJ (1994) An exceptionally preserved parasitic arthropod,
Heymonsicambria taylori n.sp. (Arthropoda incertae sedis: Pentastomida), from CambrianOrdovician boundary beds of Newfoundland, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 31(11):1664–1671
Waloszek D, Repetski JE, Maas A (2005) A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the
relationships of this parasitic group. Trans R Soc Edinburgh-Earth Sci 96:163–176. https://doi.
org/10.1017/S0263593300001280
Waltécio de Oliveira A, Christoffersen ML (1999) A cladistic approach to relationships in
Pentastomida. J Parasitol 85(4):695–704. https://doi.org/10.2307/3285745
Warn JM (1974) Presumed myzostomid infestation of an ordovician crinoid. J Paleontol
48(3):506–513
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: De Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The evolution and fossil record of parasitism:
Coevolution and paleoparasitological techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Weigert A, Helm C, Meyer M, Nickel B, Arendt D, Hausdorf B, Santos SR, Halanych KM,
Purschke G, Bleidorn C (2014) Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using transcriptomics.
Mol Biol Evol 31(6):1391–1401
Weinstein SB, Kuris AM (2016) Independent origins of parasitism in Animalia. Biol Lett 12(7).
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0324
Welch JR (1976) Phosphannulus on Paleozoic crinoid stems. J Paleontol 50(2):218–225
Wolfe JM, Daley AC, Legg DA, Edgecombe GD (2016) Fossil calibrations for the arthropod Tree
of Life. Earth-Sci Rev 160:43–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.008
Yang B, Steiner M, Zhu M, Li G, Liu J, Liu P (2016) Transitional Ediacaran–Cambrian small
skeletal fossil assemblages from South China and Kazakhstan: implications for chronostratigraphy and metazoan evolution. Precambrian Res 285:202–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
precamres.2016.09.016
Yang C, Li X-H, Zhu M, Condon DJ, Chen J (2018) Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian
Chengjiang biota, South China. J Geol Soc 175(4):659–666. https://doi.org/10.1144/
jgs2017- 103
Zangerl R, Case GR (1976) Cobelodus aculeatus (Cope), an anacanthous shark from Pennsylvanian
black shales of North America. Palaeontogr Abt A 154(4–6):107–157
Zrzavý J (2001) The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of phylum-and higher-level
hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Folia Parasitol
48(2):81–103
Zrzavý J, Hypša V, Tietz DF (2001) Myzostomida are not annelids: molecular and morphological
support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17(2):170–198
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution