269
Rohde K (2005) Definitions, and adaptations to a parasitic way of life. In: Rohde K (ed) Marine
parasitology. CSIRO, Oxon, pp 1–6
Rouse GW (2005) Polychaeta (Bristle Worms). In: Rohde K (ed) Marine parasitology. CABI
Publishing, Oxon, pp 193–196
Rouse GW, Pleijel F (2003) Problems in polychaete systematics. Hydrobiologia 496(1):175–189.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026188630116
Ruiz-Trillo I, Paps J (2016) Acoelomorpha: earliest branching bilaterians or deuterostomes? Org
Divers Evol 16(2):391–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127- 015- 0239- 1
Ruiz GM, Lindberg DR (1989) A fossil record for trematodes: extent and potential uses. Lethaia
22(4):431–438
Sanders KL, Lee MSY (2010) Arthropod molecular divergence times and the Cambrian origin of
pentastomids. Syst Biodivers 8(1):63–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000903562012
Schram FR (1973) Pseudocoelomates and a nemertine from the Illinois Pennsylvanian. J Paleontol
47(5):985–989. https://doi.org/10.2307/1303083
Schram FR (1979) Worms of the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of central Montana,
USA. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 19:107–120
Schram FR, Vonk R, Cees HJH (1997) Mazon Creek Cycloidea. J Paleontol 71(2):261–284
Seilacher A (1970) Begriff und bedeutung der Fossil-Lagerstätten, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie
und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1970(1):34–39
Seilacher A (2007) Trace fossil analysis. Springer, New York
Seilacher A, Marshall C, Skinner HCW, Tsuihiji T (2001) A fresh look at sideritic “coprolites”.
Paleobiology 27(1):7–13
Shcherbakov DE, Timm T, Tzetlin AB, Vinn O, Zhuravlev AY (2020) A probable oligochaete
(Clitellata, Annelida) from an Early Triassic Lagerstätte of the southern Cis-Urals and its evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00704.2019
Shi G, Grimaldi DA, Harlow GE, Wang J, Wang J, Yang M, Lei W, Li Q, Li X (2012) Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U–Pb dating of zircons. Cretac Res 37:155–163. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014
Sielaff M, Schmidt H, Struck TH, Rosenkranz D, Mark Welch DB, Hankeln T, Herlyn H (2016)
Phylogeny of Syndermata (syn. Rotifera): mitochondrial gene order verifies epizoic Seisonidea
as sister to endoparasitic Acanthocephala within monophyletic Hemirotifera. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 96:79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.017
Siveter DJ, Briggs DE, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD (2015) A 425-million-year-old silurian pentastomid
parasitic on ostracods. Curr Biol 25(12):1632–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.035
Sliter WV (1971) Predation on benthic foraminifers. J Foraminif Res 1(1):20–28. https://doi.
org/10.2113/gsjfr.1.1.20
Skelton J, Farrell KJ, Creed RP, Williams BW, Ames C, Helms BS, Stoekel J, Brown BL (2013)
Servants, scoundrels, and hitchhikers: current understanding of the complex interactions
between crayfish and their ectosymbiotic worms (Branchiobdellida). Freshwater Science
32(4):1345–1357. https://doi.org/10.1899/12- 198.1
Southcott RV, Lange RT (1971) Acarine and other microfossils from the Maslin Eocene, South
Australia. Rec South Australian Mus 16:1–21
Sperling EA, Vinther J (2010) A placozoan affinity for Dickinsonia and the evolution
of late Proterozoic metazoan feeding modes. Evol Dev 12(2):201–209. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1525- 142X.2010.00404.x
Størmer L (1963) Gigantoscorpio willsi, a new scorpion from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland
and its associated preying microorganisms. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske VidenskapsAkademi
i Oslo I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse Ny Serie 8:1–171
Struck TH, Golombek A, Weigert A, Franke FA, Westheide W, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Halanych
KM (2015) The evolution of annelids reveals two adaptive routes to the interstitial realm. Curr
Biol 25:1993–1999
Struck TH, Wey-Fabrizius AR, Golombek A, Hering L, Weigert A, Bleidorn C, Klebow S,
Iakovenko N, Hausdorf B, Petersen M, Kück P, Herlyn H, Hankeln T (2014) Platyzoan paraphyly based on phylogenomic data supports a non-coelomate ancestry of Spiralia. Mol Biol
Evol. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu143
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution
Rohde K (2005) Definitions, and adaptations to a parasitic way of life. In: Rohde K (ed) Marine
parasitology. CSIRO, Oxon, pp 1–6
Rouse GW (2005) Polychaeta (Bristle Worms). In: Rohde K (ed) Marine parasitology. CABI
Publishing, Oxon, pp 193–196
Rouse GW, Pleijel F (2003) Problems in polychaete systematics. Hydrobiologia 496(1):175–189.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026188630116
Ruiz-Trillo I, Paps J (2016) Acoelomorpha: earliest branching bilaterians or deuterostomes? Org
Divers Evol 16(2):391–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127- 015- 0239- 1
Ruiz GM, Lindberg DR (1989) A fossil record for trematodes: extent and potential uses. Lethaia
22(4):431–438
Sanders KL, Lee MSY (2010) Arthropod molecular divergence times and the Cambrian origin of
pentastomids. Syst Biodivers 8(1):63–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000903562012
Schram FR (1973) Pseudocoelomates and a nemertine from the Illinois Pennsylvanian. J Paleontol
47(5):985–989. https://doi.org/10.2307/1303083
Schram FR (1979) Worms of the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of central Montana,
USA. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 19:107–120
Schram FR, Vonk R, Cees HJH (1997) Mazon Creek Cycloidea. J Paleontol 71(2):261–284
Seilacher A (1970) Begriff und bedeutung der Fossil-Lagerstätten, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie
und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1970(1):34–39
Seilacher A (2007) Trace fossil analysis. Springer, New York
Seilacher A, Marshall C, Skinner HCW, Tsuihiji T (2001) A fresh look at sideritic “coprolites”.
Paleobiology 27(1):7–13
Shcherbakov DE, Timm T, Tzetlin AB, Vinn O, Zhuravlev AY (2020) A probable oligochaete
(Clitellata, Annelida) from an Early Triassic Lagerstätte of the southern Cis-Urals and its evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00704.2019
Shi G, Grimaldi DA, Harlow GE, Wang J, Wang J, Yang M, Lei W, Li Q, Li X (2012) Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U–Pb dating of zircons. Cretac Res 37:155–163. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014
Sielaff M, Schmidt H, Struck TH, Rosenkranz D, Mark Welch DB, Hankeln T, Herlyn H (2016)
Phylogeny of Syndermata (syn. Rotifera): mitochondrial gene order verifies epizoic Seisonidea
as sister to endoparasitic Acanthocephala within monophyletic Hemirotifera. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 96:79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.017
Siveter DJ, Briggs DE, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD (2015) A 425-million-year-old silurian pentastomid
parasitic on ostracods. Curr Biol 25(12):1632–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.035
Sliter WV (1971) Predation on benthic foraminifers. J Foraminif Res 1(1):20–28. https://doi.
org/10.2113/gsjfr.1.1.20
Skelton J, Farrell KJ, Creed RP, Williams BW, Ames C, Helms BS, Stoekel J, Brown BL (2013)
Servants, scoundrels, and hitchhikers: current understanding of the complex interactions
between crayfish and their ectosymbiotic worms (Branchiobdellida). Freshwater Science
32(4):1345–1357. https://doi.org/10.1899/12- 198.1
Southcott RV, Lange RT (1971) Acarine and other microfossils from the Maslin Eocene, South
Australia. Rec South Australian Mus 16:1–21
Sperling EA, Vinther J (2010) A placozoan affinity for Dickinsonia and the evolution
of late Proterozoic metazoan feeding modes. Evol Dev 12(2):201–209. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1525- 142X.2010.00404.x
Størmer L (1963) Gigantoscorpio willsi, a new scorpion from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland
and its associated preying microorganisms. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske VidenskapsAkademi
i Oslo I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse Ny Serie 8:1–171
Struck TH, Golombek A, Weigert A, Franke FA, Westheide W, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Halanych
KM (2015) The evolution of annelids reveals two adaptive routes to the interstitial realm. Curr
Biol 25:1993–1999
Struck TH, Wey-Fabrizius AR, Golombek A, Hering L, Weigert A, Bleidorn C, Klebow S,
Iakovenko N, Hausdorf B, Petersen M, Kück P, Herlyn H, Hankeln T (2014) Platyzoan paraphyly based on phylogenomic data supports a non-coelomate ancestry of Spiralia. Mol Biol
Evol. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu143
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution