267
Öktener A (2005) A checklist of parasitic helminths reported from sixty-five species of marine fish
from Turkey including two new records of monogeneans. Zootaxa 1063(1):33–52. https://doi.
org/10.11646/zootaxa.1063.1.2
Olson PD, Caira JN, Jensen K, Overstreet RM, Palm HW, Beveridge I (2010) Evolution of the trypanorhynch tapeworms: parasite phylogeny supports independent lineages of sharks and rays.
Int J Parasitol 40(2):223–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.07.012
Otto M (1999) The problem of fossil interpretation. Lethaia 32(2):140–142. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1502- 3931.1999.tb00532.x
Otto M (2000) Supposed soft tissue preservation in the Hunsrückschiefer (Lower Devonian,
Rheinisches Schiefergebirge): the example of brachiopods. Palaeontol Z 74(1–2):79–89.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987954
Parham JF, Donoghue PCJ, Bell CJ, Calway TD, Head JJ, Holroyd PA, Inoue JG, Irmis RB, Joyce
WG, Ksepka DT, Patané JSL, Smith ND, Tarver JE, van Tuinen M, Yang Z, Angielczyk KD,
Greenwood JM, Hipsley CA, Jacobs L, Makovicky PJ, Müller J, Smith KT, Theodor JM,
Warnock RCM, Benton MJ (2012) Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. Syst Biol
61(2):346–359. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107
Park JK, Kim KH, Kang S, Kim W, Eom KS, Littlewood DTJ (2007) A common origin of complex life cycles in parasitic flatworms: evidence from the complete mitochondrial genome of
Microcotyle sebastis (Monogenea : Platyhelminthes). BMC Evol Biol 7:11. https://doi.org/1
0.1186/1471- 2148- 7- 11
Parry LA, Boggiani PC, Condon DJ, Garwood RJ, Leme JDM, McIlroy D, Brasier MD, Trindade
R, Campanha GAC, Pacheco MLAF, Diniz CQC, Liu AG (2017) Ichnological evidence for
meiofaunal bilaterians from the terminal Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian of Brazil. Nature
Ecology & Evolution 1(10):1455–1464. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559- 017- 0301- 9`
Parry L, Tanner A, Vinther J (2014) The origin of Annelids. Palaeontology 57:1091–1103. https://
doi.org/10.1111/pala.12129
Parry LA, Edgecombe GD, Sykes D, Vinther J (2019a) Jaw elements in Plumulites bengtsoni confirm that machaeridians are extinct armoured scaleworms. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
286(1907):20191247. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1247
Parry LA, Eriksson M, Vinther J (2019b) The Annelid fossil record. In: Purschke G, Böggemann
M, Westheide W (eds) Handbook of zoology. Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups
and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. DeGruyter, Berlin, pp 69–88. https://doi.org/10.151
5/9783110291582- 003
Parry SF, Noble SR, Crowley QG, Wellman CH (2011) A high-precision U–Pb age constraint
on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications. J Geol Soc
168(4):863–872. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016- 76492010- 043
Parry SF, Noble SR, Crowley QG, Wellman CH (2013) Reply to discussion on ‘A high- precision
U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications’: Journal, 168, 863–872. J Geol Soc 170(4):703–706. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2012- 089
Paxton H (2009) Phylogeny of Eunicida (Annelida) based on morphology of jaws. 2:241–264.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.18
Perkovsky E, Rasnitsyn A, Vlaskin A, Taraschuk M (2007) A comparative analysis of the Baltic
and Rovno amber arthropod faunas: representative samples. Afr Invertebr 48(1):229–245
Philippe H, Brinkmann H, Copley RR, Moroz LL, Nakano H, Poustka AJ, Wallberg A, Peterson
KJ, Telford MJ (2011) Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella.
Nature 470(7333):255–258. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09676
Philippe H, Poustka, AJ, Chiodin M, Hoff KJ, Dessimoz C, Tomiczek B, Schiffer PH, Müller
S, Domman D, Horn M (2019) Mitigating anticipated effects of systematic errors supports
sister-group relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria. Curr Biol 29(11):
1818–1826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009
Poinar GO (1999) Paleochordodes protus n.g., n.sp. (Nematomorpha, Chordodidae), parasites
of a fossil cockroach, with a critical examination of other fossil hairworms and helminths
of extant cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria). Invertebr Biol 118(2):109–115. https://doi.
org/10.2307/3227053
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution
Öktener A (2005) A checklist of parasitic helminths reported from sixty-five species of marine fish
from Turkey including two new records of monogeneans. Zootaxa 1063(1):33–52. https://doi.
org/10.11646/zootaxa.1063.1.2
Olson PD, Caira JN, Jensen K, Overstreet RM, Palm HW, Beveridge I (2010) Evolution of the trypanorhynch tapeworms: parasite phylogeny supports independent lineages of sharks and rays.
Int J Parasitol 40(2):223–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.07.012
Otto M (1999) The problem of fossil interpretation. Lethaia 32(2):140–142. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1502- 3931.1999.tb00532.x
Otto M (2000) Supposed soft tissue preservation in the Hunsrückschiefer (Lower Devonian,
Rheinisches Schiefergebirge): the example of brachiopods. Palaeontol Z 74(1–2):79–89.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987954
Parham JF, Donoghue PCJ, Bell CJ, Calway TD, Head JJ, Holroyd PA, Inoue JG, Irmis RB, Joyce
WG, Ksepka DT, Patané JSL, Smith ND, Tarver JE, van Tuinen M, Yang Z, Angielczyk KD,
Greenwood JM, Hipsley CA, Jacobs L, Makovicky PJ, Müller J, Smith KT, Theodor JM,
Warnock RCM, Benton MJ (2012) Best practices for justifying fossil calibrations. Syst Biol
61(2):346–359. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr107
Park JK, Kim KH, Kang S, Kim W, Eom KS, Littlewood DTJ (2007) A common origin of complex life cycles in parasitic flatworms: evidence from the complete mitochondrial genome of
Microcotyle sebastis (Monogenea : Platyhelminthes). BMC Evol Biol 7:11. https://doi.org/1
0.1186/1471- 2148- 7- 11
Parry LA, Boggiani PC, Condon DJ, Garwood RJ, Leme JDM, McIlroy D, Brasier MD, Trindade
R, Campanha GAC, Pacheco MLAF, Diniz CQC, Liu AG (2017) Ichnological evidence for
meiofaunal bilaterians from the terminal Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian of Brazil. Nature
Ecology & Evolution 1(10):1455–1464. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559- 017- 0301- 9`
Parry L, Tanner A, Vinther J (2014) The origin of Annelids. Palaeontology 57:1091–1103. https://
doi.org/10.1111/pala.12129
Parry LA, Edgecombe GD, Sykes D, Vinther J (2019a) Jaw elements in Plumulites bengtsoni confirm that machaeridians are extinct armoured scaleworms. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
286(1907):20191247. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1247
Parry LA, Eriksson M, Vinther J (2019b) The Annelid fossil record. In: Purschke G, Böggemann
M, Westheide W (eds) Handbook of zoology. Annelida. Volume 1: Annelida Basal Groups
and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. DeGruyter, Berlin, pp 69–88. https://doi.org/10.151
5/9783110291582- 003
Parry SF, Noble SR, Crowley QG, Wellman CH (2011) A high-precision U–Pb age constraint
on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications. J Geol Soc
168(4):863–872. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016- 76492010- 043
Parry SF, Noble SR, Crowley QG, Wellman CH (2013) Reply to discussion on ‘A high- precision
U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications’: Journal, 168, 863–872. J Geol Soc 170(4):703–706. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2012- 089
Paxton H (2009) Phylogeny of Eunicida (Annelida) based on morphology of jaws. 2:241–264.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.18
Perkovsky E, Rasnitsyn A, Vlaskin A, Taraschuk M (2007) A comparative analysis of the Baltic
and Rovno amber arthropod faunas: representative samples. Afr Invertebr 48(1):229–245
Philippe H, Brinkmann H, Copley RR, Moroz LL, Nakano H, Poustka AJ, Wallberg A, Peterson
KJ, Telford MJ (2011) Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella.
Nature 470(7333):255–258. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09676
Philippe H, Poustka, AJ, Chiodin M, Hoff KJ, Dessimoz C, Tomiczek B, Schiffer PH, Müller
S, Domman D, Horn M (2019) Mitigating anticipated effects of systematic errors supports
sister-group relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria. Curr Biol 29(11):
1818–1826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009
Poinar GO (1999) Paleochordodes protus n.g., n.sp. (Nematomorpha, Chordodidae), parasites
of a fossil cockroach, with a critical examination of other fossil hairworms and helminths
of extant cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria). Invertebr Biol 118(2):109–115. https://doi.
org/10.2307/3227053
7 Fossil Constraints on the Timescale of Parasitic Helminth Evolution