15 Yet to Be Challenged: TiO 2 as the Photo-Anode Material …
307
transport from the dye to the working electrode, minimizing electron back transfer
and recombination. Doping can improve the photovoltaic properties in two methods: better electron injection, and improved dye adsorption. The highest efficiencies
obtained under these modifications have been tabulated in Table 15.4.
Even after extensive studies to improve the efficiency of DSCs, the highest efficiency is still 11.1% obtained by tuning the used TiO 2 nanoparticle sizes (Chiba et al.
2006). Even so, the improvement seen in the overall efficiency of DSCs along with
these modifications, can be said to be promising for a more efficient and greener
energy source.
References
Anish Madhavan A, Kalluri SK, Chacko D, Arun TA, Nagarajan S, Subramanian Nair KRV, Sreekumaran A, Nair SV, Balakrishnan A (2012) Electrical and optical properties of electrospun TiO 2 -
graphene composite nanofibers and its application as DSSC photo-anodes. RSC Adv 2:13032
Anta JA, Guillén E, Tena-Zaera R (2012) ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C
116:11413–11425
Archana PS, Naveen Kumar E, Vijila C, Ramakrishna S, Yusoff MM, Jose R (2013) Dalt Trans
42:1024–1032
Bai L, Liu X, Li M, Guo K, Luoshan M, Zhu Y, Jiang R, Liao L, Zhao X (2016) Plasmonic
enhancement of the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells by incorporating hierarchical TiO 2
spheres decorated with Au nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 190:605–611
Baxter JB, Walker AM, van Ommering K, Aydil ES (2006) Synthesis and characterization of ZnO
nanowires and their integration into dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnol 17:S304–S312
Beranek R, Tsuchiya H, Sugishima T, Macak JM, Taveira L, Fujimoto S, Kisch H, Schmuki P (2005)
Enhancement and limits of the photoelectrochemical response from anodic TiO 2 nanotubes. Appl
Phys Lett 87:243114
Bhatti KA, Khan MI, Saleem M, Alvi F, Raza R, Rehman S (2019) Analysis of multilayer based
TiO 2 and ZnO photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Res Express 6:075902
Cardoso BN, Kohlrausch EC, Laranjo MT, Benvenutti EV, Balzaretti NM, Arenas LT, Santos MJL,
Costa TMH (2019) Tuning anatase-rutile phase transition temperature: TiO 2 /SiO 2 nanoparticles
applied in dye-sensitized solar cells. Int J Photoenergy 2019:1–9
Chandiran AK, Casas-Cabanas M, Comte P, Zakeeruddin SM, Graetzel M (2010) Doping a TiO 2
photoanode with Nb5+ to enhance transparency and charge collection efficiency in dye-sensitized
solar cells. J Phys Chem C 114:15849–15856
Chandiran AK, Etgar L, Graetzel M (2011) 9232–9240
Chen L, Hsu C, Chan P, Zhang X, Huang C (2014) Improving the performance of dye-sensitized
solar cells with TiO 2 /graphene/TiO 2 sandwich structure. Nanoscale Res Lett 9:1–7
Chiba Y, Islam A, Watanabe Y, Komiya R, Koide N, Han L (2006) Dye-sensitized solar cells with
conversion efficiency of 11.1%. Jpn J Appl Phys 45:L638–L640
Choi H, Kim S, Kang SO, Ko J, Kang M-S, Clifford JN, Forneli A, Palomares E, Nazeeruddin MK,
Grätzel M (2008) Stepwise cosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO 2 films utilizing Al 2 O 3 layers
in dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:8259–8263
Chou C-S, Yang R-Y, Yeh C-K, Lin Y-J (2009) Preparation of TiO 2 /nano-metal composite particles
and their applications in dye-sensitized solar cells. Powder Technol 194:95–105
Dahl M, Liu Y, Yin Y (2014) Composite titanium dioxide nanomaterials. Chem Rev 114:9853–9889
De Angelis F, Fantacci S, Selloni A, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2010) First-principles modeling
of the adsorption geometry and electronic structure of Ru(II) dyes on extended TiO 2 substrates
for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. J Phys Chem C 114:6054–6061
307
transport from the dye to the working electrode, minimizing electron back transfer
and recombination. Doping can improve the photovoltaic properties in two methods: better electron injection, and improved dye adsorption. The highest efficiencies
obtained under these modifications have been tabulated in Table 15.4.
Even after extensive studies to improve the efficiency of DSCs, the highest efficiency is still 11.1% obtained by tuning the used TiO 2 nanoparticle sizes (Chiba et al.
2006). Even so, the improvement seen in the overall efficiency of DSCs along with
these modifications, can be said to be promising for a more efficient and greener
energy source.
References
Anish Madhavan A, Kalluri SK, Chacko D, Arun TA, Nagarajan S, Subramanian Nair KRV, Sreekumaran A, Nair SV, Balakrishnan A (2012) Electrical and optical properties of electrospun TiO 2 -
graphene composite nanofibers and its application as DSSC photo-anodes. RSC Adv 2:13032
Anta JA, Guillén E, Tena-Zaera R (2012) ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C
116:11413–11425
Archana PS, Naveen Kumar E, Vijila C, Ramakrishna S, Yusoff MM, Jose R (2013) Dalt Trans
42:1024–1032
Bai L, Liu X, Li M, Guo K, Luoshan M, Zhu Y, Jiang R, Liao L, Zhao X (2016) Plasmonic
enhancement of the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells by incorporating hierarchical TiO 2
spheres decorated with Au nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 190:605–611
Baxter JB, Walker AM, van Ommering K, Aydil ES (2006) Synthesis and characterization of ZnO
nanowires and their integration into dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnol 17:S304–S312
Beranek R, Tsuchiya H, Sugishima T, Macak JM, Taveira L, Fujimoto S, Kisch H, Schmuki P (2005)
Enhancement and limits of the photoelectrochemical response from anodic TiO 2 nanotubes. Appl
Phys Lett 87:243114
Bhatti KA, Khan MI, Saleem M, Alvi F, Raza R, Rehman S (2019) Analysis of multilayer based
TiO 2 and ZnO photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Res Express 6:075902
Cardoso BN, Kohlrausch EC, Laranjo MT, Benvenutti EV, Balzaretti NM, Arenas LT, Santos MJL,
Costa TMH (2019) Tuning anatase-rutile phase transition temperature: TiO 2 /SiO 2 nanoparticles
applied in dye-sensitized solar cells. Int J Photoenergy 2019:1–9
Chandiran AK, Casas-Cabanas M, Comte P, Zakeeruddin SM, Graetzel M (2010) Doping a TiO 2
photoanode with Nb5+ to enhance transparency and charge collection efficiency in dye-sensitized
solar cells. J Phys Chem C 114:15849–15856
Chandiran AK, Etgar L, Graetzel M (2011) 9232–9240
Chen L, Hsu C, Chan P, Zhang X, Huang C (2014) Improving the performance of dye-sensitized
solar cells with TiO 2 /graphene/TiO 2 sandwich structure. Nanoscale Res Lett 9:1–7
Chiba Y, Islam A, Watanabe Y, Komiya R, Koide N, Han L (2006) Dye-sensitized solar cells with
conversion efficiency of 11.1%. Jpn J Appl Phys 45:L638–L640
Choi H, Kim S, Kang SO, Ko J, Kang M-S, Clifford JN, Forneli A, Palomares E, Nazeeruddin MK,
Grätzel M (2008) Stepwise cosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO 2 films utilizing Al 2 O 3 layers
in dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:8259–8263
Chou C-S, Yang R-Y, Yeh C-K, Lin Y-J (2009) Preparation of TiO 2 /nano-metal composite particles
and their applications in dye-sensitized solar cells. Powder Technol 194:95–105
Dahl M, Liu Y, Yin Y (2014) Composite titanium dioxide nanomaterials. Chem Rev 114:9853–9889
De Angelis F, Fantacci S, Selloni A, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2010) First-principles modeling
of the adsorption geometry and electronic structure of Ru(II) dyes on extended TiO 2 substrates
for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. J Phys Chem C 114:6054–6061