This declining Centre’s contributions need to be further contextualized in the
states’ own respective and territorial-level perceptions to gauge how these contributions matter to them. Water allocations of the states themselves are not that large
when they are seen as parts of their overall budget outlays (see Fig. 6). Water
allocations vary between 3 and 12% of the overall budget outlays. An allocation of
about 12% of Karnataka may be an outlier for that year under consideration (2015–
16); it is much lower for other years. Andhra Pradesh is likely the other outlier for
the year under consideration and is not a representative year. The state was
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Centre's share
States' share
Fig. 4 Centre’s and states’ share in total plan outlay on IFC. Source NITI Aayog (respective FYP
documents, 1951–2012); Ministry of Water Resources Outcome Budgets (2002, 2020)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Rupees in Crores
EE (Establishment Expenditure)
Central Sector Schemes
Centrally Sponsored Schemes
Fig. 5 Composition of central outlay on IFC. Source MoWR, RD&GR Outcome Budgets
(2000–20)
Whither India’s Federal Governance for Long-Term Water Security?
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