important areas sending goods to other places may be identified, together with a
comparison of the various means of transport.
In many ways, towns are better cared by governments than villages. However, it
is difficult for towns to exist without transport, the more so when they become more
specialised, with a need to send their products to distant markets. Nevertheless,
governments probably do not spend enough on keeping the town traffic network up
to date.
Rural roads manifest their value through the following principal purposes:
(a) connectivity: sending crops, fresh vegetables regularly to the market,
(b) education: transport of children from several villages to educational institutions,
(c) farmers’ education: sending trainers to the villagers for new agricultural
knowledge,
(d) health services: transporting patients to and from clinics, and allowing free
movement of doctors and nurses, etc.
1.2.12 Waste Management
In any country, managing solid waste means the monitoring and regulation of
(1) waste collection, (2) its transport, (3) the different treatment processes and
(4) its final disposal. Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) tries to encourage
waste prevention, through the 3Rs, namely: (1) Reduce, (2) Reuse and (3) Recycle.
Sometimes, when there is an additional step, e.g. biological processes such as
composting, a fourth ‘R’ for Recovery, is added.
In order to make policies related to national composting and recycling more
effective, it is useful to consider source separation to produce cleaner, improved
quality waste components. Although source separation has been implemented in
developed countries (Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, Sweden, and UK) with
success, implementing such a practice in developing countries is still one of the
difficult tasks to tackle sustainable waste management.
The behavior patterns of individuals when requested to carry out source separation of waste or asked about their willingness to cooperate depends on many factors.
If these influence factors are properly assessed and understood, it will be easier to
extract maximum cooperation for the implementation of such policies by applying
the right nudging conditions and incentives.
Generally speaking, waste generation rate varies directly with the economic
activity level of the country. Cities, developed countries, typically, produce a
waste of about 1 kg/person/day. Developing countries are not always lagging
behind.
Collection cost of waste depends on the following major factors:
• The method of collection;
• The vehicle type and its capacity;
• The number of personnel required;
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1 Introduction to Infrastructure
comparison of the various means of transport.
In many ways, towns are better cared by governments than villages. However, it
is difficult for towns to exist without transport, the more so when they become more
specialised, with a need to send their products to distant markets. Nevertheless,
governments probably do not spend enough on keeping the town traffic network up
to date.
Rural roads manifest their value through the following principal purposes:
(a) connectivity: sending crops, fresh vegetables regularly to the market,
(b) education: transport of children from several villages to educational institutions,
(c) farmers’ education: sending trainers to the villagers for new agricultural
knowledge,
(d) health services: transporting patients to and from clinics, and allowing free
movement of doctors and nurses, etc.
1.2.12 Waste Management
In any country, managing solid waste means the monitoring and regulation of
(1) waste collection, (2) its transport, (3) the different treatment processes and
(4) its final disposal. Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) tries to encourage
waste prevention, through the 3Rs, namely: (1) Reduce, (2) Reuse and (3) Recycle.
Sometimes, when there is an additional step, e.g. biological processes such as
composting, a fourth ‘R’ for Recovery, is added.
In order to make policies related to national composting and recycling more
effective, it is useful to consider source separation to produce cleaner, improved
quality waste components. Although source separation has been implemented in
developed countries (Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, Sweden, and UK) with
success, implementing such a practice in developing countries is still one of the
difficult tasks to tackle sustainable waste management.
The behavior patterns of individuals when requested to carry out source separation of waste or asked about their willingness to cooperate depends on many factors.
If these influence factors are properly assessed and understood, it will be easier to
extract maximum cooperation for the implementation of such policies by applying
the right nudging conditions and incentives.
Generally speaking, waste generation rate varies directly with the economic
activity level of the country. Cities, developed countries, typically, produce a
waste of about 1 kg/person/day. Developing countries are not always lagging
behind.
Collection cost of waste depends on the following major factors:
• The method of collection;
• The vehicle type and its capacity;
• The number of personnel required;
24
1 Introduction to Infrastructure