216
A. Romeo
For this reason, a substantial part of the research in CIGS and CdTe solar cell
technologies is directed towards the reduction of layer thickness.
References
1. M.A. Green, Y. Hishikawa, E.D. Dunlop, D.H. Levi, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, A.W.Y. HoBaillie, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 53). Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 27(1), 3–12
(2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3102
2. A. Romeo, M. Terheggen, D. Abou-Ras, D.L. Bätzner, F.-J. Haug, M. Kälin, D. Rudmann, A.N.
Tiwari, Development of thin-film Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 and CdTe solar cells. Prog. Photovoltaics Res.
Appl. 12(23), 93–111 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.527
3. K. Kushiya, CIS-based thin-film PV technology in solar frontier K.K., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol.
Cells 122, 309–313 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.09.014
4. D. Bonnet, The CdTe thin film solar cell—an overview. Int. J. Sol. Energy 12(1–4), 1–14
(1992). https://doi.org/10.1080/01425919208909746
5. J.M. Kephart, R.M. Geisthardt, W.S. Sampath, Optimization of CdTe thin-film solar cell efficiency using a sputtered, oxygenated CdS window layer. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 23(11),
1484–1492 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2578
6. I. Rimmaudo, A. Salavei, E. Artegiani, D. Menossi, M. Giarola, G. Mariotto, A. Gasparotto, A.
Romeo, Improved stability of CdTe solar cells by absorber surface etching. Sol. Energy Mater.
Sol. Cells 162 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.044
7. G.M. Hanket, B.E. McCandless, W.A. Buchanan, S. Fields, R.W. Birkmire, Design of a vapor
transport deposition process for thin film materials. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 24(5), 1695–1701
(2006). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2214689
8. J.Y.Ye, T. Reindl, A.G. Aberle, T.M Walsh, Performance degradation of various PV module
technologies in tropical Singapore. IEEE J. Photovoltaics 4 (5), 1288–1294 (2014). https://doi.
org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2338051
9. L. Kranz, C. Gretener, J. Perrenoud, R. Schmitt, F. Pianezzi, F. La Mattina, F. Bloesch, E. Cheah,
A. Chirila, C.M. Fella, H.T. Hagendorfer, S. Jaeger, S. Nishiwaki, A.R. Uhl, S. Buecheler, A.N.
Tiwari, Doping of polycrystalline CdTe for high-efficiency solar cells on flexible metal foil.
Nat. Commun. 4, 1–7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3306
10. G. Makrides, B. Zinsser, G.E. Georghiou, M. Schubert, J.H. Werner, Outdoor efficiency of
different photovoltaic systems installed in Cyprus and Germany, in Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovolt.
Spec. Conf. 7–12 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2008.4922830
11. A. Virtuani, D. Pavanello, G. Friesen, Overview of temperature coefficients of different thin film
photovoltaic technologies, in 25th Eur. Photovolt. Sol. Energy Conf. Exhib./5th World Conf.
Photovolt. Energy Conversion, 6–10 Sept. 2010, Val. Spain, (January), 4248–4252 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.83
12. V.M. Fthenakis, E.A. Alsema, M.J. de Wild-Scholten, Life cycle assessment of photovoltaics:
perceptions, needs, and challenges, in Conf. Rec. Thirty-first IEEE Photovolt. Spec. Conf. 2005
1655–1658 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488464
13. V.M. Fthenakis, H.C. Kim, E. Alsema, Emissions from photovoltaic life cycles emissions from
photovoltaic life cycles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(6), 2168–2174 (2008). https://doi.org/10.
1021/es071763q
14. H. Steinberger, Health, safety and environmental risks from the operation of CdTe and CIS
thin-film modules. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 6(2), 99–103 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1002/
(SICI)1099-159X(199803/04)6:2%3c99:AID-PIP211%3e3.0.CO;2-Q
15. J. Zayed, S. Philippe, Acute oral and inhalation toxicities in rats With cadmium telluride. Int.
J. Toxicol. 28(4), 259–265 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581809337630
16. V.M. Fthenakis, S.C. Morris, P.D. Moskowitz, D.L. Morgan, Toxicity of cadmium telluride,
copper indium diselenide, and copper gallium diselenide. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl.
A. Romeo
For this reason, a substantial part of the research in CIGS and CdTe solar cell
technologies is directed towards the reduction of layer thickness.
References
1. M.A. Green, Y. Hishikawa, E.D. Dunlop, D.H. Levi, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, A.W.Y. HoBaillie, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 53). Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 27(1), 3–12
(2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3102
2. A. Romeo, M. Terheggen, D. Abou-Ras, D.L. Bätzner, F.-J. Haug, M. Kälin, D. Rudmann, A.N.
Tiwari, Development of thin-film Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 and CdTe solar cells. Prog. Photovoltaics Res.
Appl. 12(23), 93–111 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.527
3. K. Kushiya, CIS-based thin-film PV technology in solar frontier K.K., Sol. Energy Mater. Sol.
Cells 122, 309–313 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.09.014
4. D. Bonnet, The CdTe thin film solar cell—an overview. Int. J. Sol. Energy 12(1–4), 1–14
(1992). https://doi.org/10.1080/01425919208909746
5. J.M. Kephart, R.M. Geisthardt, W.S. Sampath, Optimization of CdTe thin-film solar cell efficiency using a sputtered, oxygenated CdS window layer. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 23(11),
1484–1492 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2578
6. I. Rimmaudo, A. Salavei, E. Artegiani, D. Menossi, M. Giarola, G. Mariotto, A. Gasparotto, A.
Romeo, Improved stability of CdTe solar cells by absorber surface etching. Sol. Energy Mater.
Sol. Cells 162 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.12.044
7. G.M. Hanket, B.E. McCandless, W.A. Buchanan, S. Fields, R.W. Birkmire, Design of a vapor
transport deposition process for thin film materials. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 24(5), 1695–1701
(2006). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2214689
8. J.Y.Ye, T. Reindl, A.G. Aberle, T.M Walsh, Performance degradation of various PV module
technologies in tropical Singapore. IEEE J. Photovoltaics 4 (5), 1288–1294 (2014). https://doi.
org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2338051
9. L. Kranz, C. Gretener, J. Perrenoud, R. Schmitt, F. Pianezzi, F. La Mattina, F. Bloesch, E. Cheah,
A. Chirila, C.M. Fella, H.T. Hagendorfer, S. Jaeger, S. Nishiwaki, A.R. Uhl, S. Buecheler, A.N.
Tiwari, Doping of polycrystalline CdTe for high-efficiency solar cells on flexible metal foil.
Nat. Commun. 4, 1–7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3306
10. G. Makrides, B. Zinsser, G.E. Georghiou, M. Schubert, J.H. Werner, Outdoor efficiency of
different photovoltaic systems installed in Cyprus and Germany, in Conf. Rec. IEEE Photovolt.
Spec. Conf. 7–12 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2008.4922830
11. A. Virtuani, D. Pavanello, G. Friesen, Overview of temperature coefficients of different thin film
photovoltaic technologies, in 25th Eur. Photovolt. Sol. Energy Conf. Exhib./5th World Conf.
Photovolt. Energy Conversion, 6–10 Sept. 2010, Val. Spain, (January), 4248–4252 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.4229/25thEUPVSEC2010-4AV.3.83
12. V.M. Fthenakis, E.A. Alsema, M.J. de Wild-Scholten, Life cycle assessment of photovoltaics:
perceptions, needs, and challenges, in Conf. Rec. Thirty-first IEEE Photovolt. Spec. Conf. 2005
1655–1658 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488464
13. V.M. Fthenakis, H.C. Kim, E. Alsema, Emissions from photovoltaic life cycles emissions from
photovoltaic life cycles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(6), 2168–2174 (2008). https://doi.org/10.
1021/es071763q
14. H. Steinberger, Health, safety and environmental risks from the operation of CdTe and CIS
thin-film modules. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 6(2), 99–103 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1002/
(SICI)1099-159X(199803/04)6:2%3c99:AID-PIP211%3e3.0.CO;2-Q
15. J. Zayed, S. Philippe, Acute oral and inhalation toxicities in rats With cadmium telluride. Int.
J. Toxicol. 28(4), 259–265 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581809337630
16. V.M. Fthenakis, S.C. Morris, P.D. Moskowitz, D.L. Morgan, Toxicity of cadmium telluride,
copper indium diselenide, and copper gallium diselenide. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl.