22. X.S. Yao, L. Maleki, High frequency optical subcarrier generator. Electron. Lett. 30(18),
1525–1526 (1994)
23. X.S. Yao, L. Maleki, Optoelectronic oscillator for photonic systems. IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
32(7), 1141–1149 (1996)
24. M. Yamanishi, T. Edamura, K. Fujita, N. Akikusa, H. Kan, Theory of the intrinsic linewidth of
quantum-cascade lasers: hidden reason for the narrow linewidth and line-broadening by thermal
photons. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44, 12 (2008)
25. M. Shin, P.S. Devgan, V.S. Grigoryan, P. Kumar, Y.D. Chung, J. Kim, Low phase-noise
40 GHz optical pulses from a self-starting electroabsorption-modulator-based optoelectronic
oscillator, in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC ’06), Anaheim, Calif, USA, March 2006
26. J. Lasri, P. Devgan, V.S. Grigoryan, P. Kumar, Multiwavelength NRZ-to-RZ conversion with
significant timing-jitter suppression and SNR improvement. Opt. Commun. 240(4–6), 293–298
(2004)
27. Y.K. Chembo, K. Volyanskiy, L. Larger, E. Rubiola, P. Colet, Determination of phase noise
spectra in optoelectronic microwave oscillators: a Langevin approach. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45(2), 178–186 (2009)
28. M. Shin, P. Kumar, Optical microwave frequency upconversion via a frequency-doubling
optoelectronic oscillator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1726–1728 (2007)
29. J. Yu, X. Steve Yao, L. Maleki, Ultra low phase noise compact-sized optoelectronic oscillator.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Opt. Lett. 22(2), 37–45 (2001)
30. E. Rubiola, E. Salik, Y. Nan, L. Maleki, Flicker noise in high-speed p-i-n photodiodes. IEEE
Trans Microwave Theory Tech 54(2, Part 2), 816–820 (2006)
31. E. Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 228p. (2010)
32. H. Peng, Y. Xu, R. Guo, D. Huayang, J. Chen, Z. Chen, High sensitivity microwave phase noise
analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator. Opt. Exp. 27(13), 18910–18927
(2019)
33. S. Pan, J. Yao, Optical clock recovery using a polarization modulator-based frequency-doubling
optoelectronic oscillator. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(16), 3531–3539 (2009)
34. D. Leeson, A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum. Proc. IEEE 54, 329–330
(1966)
35. D.B. Leeson, A simple model of feed back oscillator noise spectrum. Proc. IEEE 54, 329–330
(1966)
36. M.X. Jeremy Everard, S. Bale, Simplified phase noise model for negative-resistance oscillators
and a comparison with feedback oscillator models. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq.
Control 59(3), 382–390 (2012)
37. T.E. Parker, G.K. Montress, et al., Precision surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) oscillators. IEEE
Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 35(3), 342–364 (1988)
38. A.A. Dvornikov, V.I. Ogurtsov, G.M. Utkin, On stationary states in two-dimensional networks
of self-excited oscillators. Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 33(9), 800–805 (1990)
39. V.S. Zholnerov, A.V. Ivanov, V.D. Kurnosov, R.V. Chernov, Parameters of a laser diode with a
fiber Bragg grating at different fiber lengths. Tech. Phys. 59, 416–420 (2014)
40. P.V. Gorlachuk, A.V. Ivanov, V.D. Kurnosov, R.V. Chernov, et al., Simulation of power
current characteristics of high-power semiconductor lasers emitting in the range 1.5-1.55 μm.
Quantum Electron. 44(2), 149 (2014)
41. M.E. Belkin, Y. Semenova, et al., Tunable RF-band optoelectronic oscillator and optoelectronic
computer-added design model for its simulation. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 53(11),
2474–2477 (2011)
42. M. Nakazawa, T. Nakashima, M. Tokuda, An optoelectronic self-oscillatory circuit with an
optical fiber delayed feedback and its injection locking technique. J. Lightwave Technol. 2(5),
719–730 (1984)
43. K.Y. Lau, A. Yariv, Self-sustained picosecond pulse generation in a GaAlAs laser at an
electrically tunable repetition rate by optoelectronic feedback. Appl. Phys. Lett. 15(45),
124–126 (1984)
12
1 Introduction
1525–1526 (1994)
23. X.S. Yao, L. Maleki, Optoelectronic oscillator for photonic systems. IEEE J. Quantum Electron.
32(7), 1141–1149 (1996)
24. M. Yamanishi, T. Edamura, K. Fujita, N. Akikusa, H. Kan, Theory of the intrinsic linewidth of
quantum-cascade lasers: hidden reason for the narrow linewidth and line-broadening by thermal
photons. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44, 12 (2008)
25. M. Shin, P.S. Devgan, V.S. Grigoryan, P. Kumar, Y.D. Chung, J. Kim, Low phase-noise
40 GHz optical pulses from a self-starting electroabsorption-modulator-based optoelectronic
oscillator, in Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC ’06), Anaheim, Calif, USA, March 2006
26. J. Lasri, P. Devgan, V.S. Grigoryan, P. Kumar, Multiwavelength NRZ-to-RZ conversion with
significant timing-jitter suppression and SNR improvement. Opt. Commun. 240(4–6), 293–298
(2004)
27. Y.K. Chembo, K. Volyanskiy, L. Larger, E. Rubiola, P. Colet, Determination of phase noise
spectra in optoelectronic microwave oscillators: a Langevin approach. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45(2), 178–186 (2009)
28. M. Shin, P. Kumar, Optical microwave frequency upconversion via a frequency-doubling
optoelectronic oscillator. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1726–1728 (2007)
29. J. Yu, X. Steve Yao, L. Maleki, Ultra low phase noise compact-sized optoelectronic oscillator.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Opt. Lett. 22(2), 37–45 (2001)
30. E. Rubiola, E. Salik, Y. Nan, L. Maleki, Flicker noise in high-speed p-i-n photodiodes. IEEE
Trans Microwave Theory Tech 54(2, Part 2), 816–820 (2006)
31. E. Rubiola, Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in Oscillators, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 228p. (2010)
32. H. Peng, Y. Xu, R. Guo, D. Huayang, J. Chen, Z. Chen, High sensitivity microwave phase noise
analyzer based on a phase locked optoelectronic oscillator. Opt. Exp. 27(13), 18910–18927
(2019)
33. S. Pan, J. Yao, Optical clock recovery using a polarization modulator-based frequency-doubling
optoelectronic oscillator. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(16), 3531–3539 (2009)
34. D. Leeson, A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum. Proc. IEEE 54, 329–330
(1966)
35. D.B. Leeson, A simple model of feed back oscillator noise spectrum. Proc. IEEE 54, 329–330
(1966)
36. M.X. Jeremy Everard, S. Bale, Simplified phase noise model for negative-resistance oscillators
and a comparison with feedback oscillator models. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq.
Control 59(3), 382–390 (2012)
37. T.E. Parker, G.K. Montress, et al., Precision surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) oscillators. IEEE
Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 35(3), 342–364 (1988)
38. A.A. Dvornikov, V.I. Ogurtsov, G.M. Utkin, On stationary states in two-dimensional networks
of self-excited oscillators. Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 33(9), 800–805 (1990)
39. V.S. Zholnerov, A.V. Ivanov, V.D. Kurnosov, R.V. Chernov, Parameters of a laser diode with a
fiber Bragg grating at different fiber lengths. Tech. Phys. 59, 416–420 (2014)
40. P.V. Gorlachuk, A.V. Ivanov, V.D. Kurnosov, R.V. Chernov, et al., Simulation of power
current characteristics of high-power semiconductor lasers emitting in the range 1.5-1.55 μm.
Quantum Electron. 44(2), 149 (2014)
41. M.E. Belkin, Y. Semenova, et al., Tunable RF-band optoelectronic oscillator and optoelectronic
computer-added design model for its simulation. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 53(11),
2474–2477 (2011)
42. M. Nakazawa, T. Nakashima, M. Tokuda, An optoelectronic self-oscillatory circuit with an
optical fiber delayed feedback and its injection locking technique. J. Lightwave Technol. 2(5),
719–730 (1984)
43. K.Y. Lau, A. Yariv, Self-sustained picosecond pulse generation in a GaAlAs laser at an
electrically tunable repetition rate by optoelectronic feedback. Appl. Phys. Lett. 15(45),
124–126 (1984)
12
1 Introduction