76
4 Solid and Liquid Skins
polarization but the weak polarization is not detectable for the flat surface. Shorter
and stronger bond between undercoordinated atoms not only raises the local energy
density but also deepens the local potentials, which perturbs the Hamiltonian that
determines uniquely the CLS. However, as artifacts of measurements, the “initialfinal states” relaxation and the charging effect present throughout the course of
measurements. One can correct these artifacts through background correction.
References
1. B.S. Fang, W.S. Lo, T.S. Chien, T.C. Leung, C.Y. Lue, C.T. Chan, K.M. Ho, Surface band
structures on Nb(001). Phys. Rev. B 50(15), 11093–11101 (1994)
2. M. Alden, H.L. Skriver, B. Johansson, Ab-initio surface core-level shifts and surface segregation
energies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2449–2452 (1993)
3. T. Balasubramanian, J.N. Andersen, L. Wallden, Surface-bulk core-level splitting in graphite.
Phys. Rev. B 64, 205420 (2001)
4. E. Navas, K. Starke, C. Laubschat, E. Weschke, G. Kaindl, Surface core-level shift of 4f states
for Tb(0001). Phys. Rev. B 48(19), 14753 (1993)
5. R.A. Bartynski, D. Heskett, K. Garrison, G. Watson, D.M. Zehner, W.N. Mei, S.Y. Tong, X.
Pan, The 1st interlayer spacing of Ta(100) determined by photoelectron diffraction. J. Vac. Sci.
Technol., A 7(3), 1931–1936 (1989)
6. D.M. Riffe, G.K. Wertheim, Ta(110) surface and subsurface core-level shifts and 4f7/2 line
shapes. Phys. Rev. B 47(11), 6672–6679 (1993)
7. J.H. Cho, K.S. Kim, S.H. Lee, M.H. Kang, Z.Y. Zhang, Origin of contrasting surface core-level
shifts at the Be(10-10) and Mg(10-10) surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 61(15), 9975–9978 (2000)
8. A.V. Fedorov, E. Arenholz, K. Starke, E. Navas, L. Baumgarten, C. Laubschat, G. Kaindl,
Surface shifts of 4f electron-addition and electron-removal states on Gd(0001). Phys. Rev.
Lett. 73(4), 601–604 (1994)
9. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, J.N. Andersen, E. Lundgren, R. Nyholm, Surface-shifted core
levels on Be(0001). Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2453–2456 (1993)
10. S. Lizzit, K. Pohl, A. Baraldi, G. Comelli, V. Fritzsche, E.W. Plummer, R. Stumpf, P. Hofmann,
Physics of the Be(10-10) surface core level spectrum. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(15), 3271–3274
(1998)
11. H.I.P. Johansson, L.I. Johansson, E. Lundgren, J.N. Andersen, R. Nyholm, Core-level shifts
on Be(10-10). Phys. Rev. B 49(24), 17460–17463 (1994)
12. A. Baraldi, S. Lizzit, G. Comelli, A. Goldoni, P. Hofmann, G. Paolucci, Core-level subsurface
shifted component in a 4d transition metal: Ru(10(1)over-bar-0). Phys. Rev. B 61(7), 4534–4537
(2000)
13. E. Lundgren, U. Johansson, R. Nyholm, J.N. Andersen, Surface core-level shift of the Mo(110)
surface. Phys. Rev. B 48(8), 5525–5529 (1993)
14. R. Nyholm, J.N. Andersen, J.F. Vanacker, M. Qvarford, Surface core-level shifts of the Al(100)
and Al(111) surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 44(19), 10987–10990 (1991)
15. D.M. Riffe, B. Kim, J.L. Erskine, Surface core-level shifts and atomic coordination at a stepped
W(110) surface. Phys. Rev. B 50(19), 14481–14488 (1994)
16. J.H. Cho, D.H. Oh, L. Kleinman, Core-level shifts of low coordination atoms at the W(320)
stepped surface. Phys. Rev. B 64(11), 115404 (2001)
17. J.N. Andersen, D. Hennig, E. Lundgren, M. Methfessel, R. Nyholm, M. Scheffler, Surface corelevel shifts of some 4d-metal single-crystal surfaces: Experiments and ab initio calculations.
Phys. Rev. B 50(23), 17525–17533 (1994)
18. G.A. Slack, S.F. Bartram, Thermal expansion of some diamondlike crystals. J. Appl. Phys.
46(1), 89–98 (1975)
4 Solid and Liquid Skins
polarization but the weak polarization is not detectable for the flat surface. Shorter
and stronger bond between undercoordinated atoms not only raises the local energy
density but also deepens the local potentials, which perturbs the Hamiltonian that
determines uniquely the CLS. However, as artifacts of measurements, the “initialfinal states” relaxation and the charging effect present throughout the course of
measurements. One can correct these artifacts through background correction.
References
1. B.S. Fang, W.S. Lo, T.S. Chien, T.C. Leung, C.Y. Lue, C.T. Chan, K.M. Ho, Surface band
structures on Nb(001). Phys. Rev. B 50(15), 11093–11101 (1994)
2. M. Alden, H.L. Skriver, B. Johansson, Ab-initio surface core-level shifts and surface segregation
energies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2449–2452 (1993)
3. T. Balasubramanian, J.N. Andersen, L. Wallden, Surface-bulk core-level splitting in graphite.
Phys. Rev. B 64, 205420 (2001)
4. E. Navas, K. Starke, C. Laubschat, E. Weschke, G. Kaindl, Surface core-level shift of 4f states
for Tb(0001). Phys. Rev. B 48(19), 14753 (1993)
5. R.A. Bartynski, D. Heskett, K. Garrison, G. Watson, D.M. Zehner, W.N. Mei, S.Y. Tong, X.
Pan, The 1st interlayer spacing of Ta(100) determined by photoelectron diffraction. J. Vac. Sci.
Technol., A 7(3), 1931–1936 (1989)
6. D.M. Riffe, G.K. Wertheim, Ta(110) surface and subsurface core-level shifts and 4f7/2 line
shapes. Phys. Rev. B 47(11), 6672–6679 (1993)
7. J.H. Cho, K.S. Kim, S.H. Lee, M.H. Kang, Z.Y. Zhang, Origin of contrasting surface core-level
shifts at the Be(10-10) and Mg(10-10) surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 61(15), 9975–9978 (2000)
8. A.V. Fedorov, E. Arenholz, K. Starke, E. Navas, L. Baumgarten, C. Laubschat, G. Kaindl,
Surface shifts of 4f electron-addition and electron-removal states on Gd(0001). Phys. Rev.
Lett. 73(4), 601–604 (1994)
9. L.I. Johansson, H.I.P. Johansson, J.N. Andersen, E. Lundgren, R. Nyholm, Surface-shifted core
levels on Be(0001). Phys. Rev. Lett. 71(15), 2453–2456 (1993)
10. S. Lizzit, K. Pohl, A. Baraldi, G. Comelli, V. Fritzsche, E.W. Plummer, R. Stumpf, P. Hofmann,
Physics of the Be(10-10) surface core level spectrum. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(15), 3271–3274
(1998)
11. H.I.P. Johansson, L.I. Johansson, E. Lundgren, J.N. Andersen, R. Nyholm, Core-level shifts
on Be(10-10). Phys. Rev. B 49(24), 17460–17463 (1994)
12. A. Baraldi, S. Lizzit, G. Comelli, A. Goldoni, P. Hofmann, G. Paolucci, Core-level subsurface
shifted component in a 4d transition metal: Ru(10(1)over-bar-0). Phys. Rev. B 61(7), 4534–4537
(2000)
13. E. Lundgren, U. Johansson, R. Nyholm, J.N. Andersen, Surface core-level shift of the Mo(110)
surface. Phys. Rev. B 48(8), 5525–5529 (1993)
14. R. Nyholm, J.N. Andersen, J.F. Vanacker, M. Qvarford, Surface core-level shifts of the Al(100)
and Al(111) surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 44(19), 10987–10990 (1991)
15. D.M. Riffe, B. Kim, J.L. Erskine, Surface core-level shifts and atomic coordination at a stepped
W(110) surface. Phys. Rev. B 50(19), 14481–14488 (1994)
16. J.H. Cho, D.H. Oh, L. Kleinman, Core-level shifts of low coordination atoms at the W(320)
stepped surface. Phys. Rev. B 64(11), 115404 (2001)
17. J.N. Andersen, D. Hennig, E. Lundgren, M. Methfessel, R. Nyholm, M. Scheffler, Surface corelevel shifts of some 4d-metal single-crystal surfaces: Experiments and ab initio calculations.
Phys. Rev. B 50(23), 17525–17533 (1994)
18. G.A. Slack, S.F. Bartram, Thermal expansion of some diamondlike crystals. J. Appl. Phys.
46(1), 89–98 (1975)