20
1 Introduction
77. P. Jakob, M. Gsell, D. Menzel, Interactions of adsorbates with locally strained substrate
lattices. J. Chem. Phys. 114(22), 10075–10085 (2001)
78. M. Gsell, P. Jakob, D. Menzel, Effect of substrate strain on adsorption. Science 280(5364),
717–720 (1998)
79. J. Wintterlin, T. Zambelli, J. Trost, J. Greeley, M. Mavrikakis, Atomic-scale evidence for an
enhanced catalytic reactivity of stretched surfaces. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42(25), 2850–2853
(2003)
80. B. Richter, H. Kuhlenbeck, H.J. Freund, P.S. Bagus, Cluster core-level binding-energy shifts:
the role of lattice strain. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2), 026805 (2004)
81. Y. Chen, Z. Huang, X. Gu, Z. Ma, J. Chen, X. Tang, Top-down synthesis strategies: maximum
noble-metal atom efficiency in catalytic materials. Chin. J. Catal. 38(9), 1588–1596 (2017)
82. T. Andersson, C. Zhang, O. Björneholm, M.H. Mikkelä, K. Jänkälä, D. Anin, S. Urpelainen,
M. Huttula, M. Tchaplyguine, Electronic structure transformation in small bare Au clusters
as seen by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 50(1), 015102
(2016)
83. B. Hammer, J.K. Norskov, Why gold is the noblest of all the metals. Nature 376(6537),
238–240 (1995)
84. J.A. Rodriguez, D.W. Goodman, The nature of the metal metal bond in bimetallic surfaces.
Science 257(5072), 897–903 (1992)
85. P. Kamakoti, B.D. Morreale, M.V. Ciocco, B.H. Howard, R.P. Killmeyer, A.V. Cugini, D.S.
Sholl, Prediction of hydrogen flux through sulfur-tolerant binary alloy membranes. Science
307(5709), 569–573 (2005)
86. E.B. Fox, S. Velu, M.H. Engelhard, Y.H. Chin, J.T. Miller, J. Kropf, C.S. Song, Characterization of CeO 2 -supported Cu–Pd bimetallic catalyst for the oxygen-assisted water-gas shift
reaction. J. Catal. 260(2), 358–370 (2008)
87. L.H. Bloxham, S. Haq, Y. Yugnet, J.C. Bertolini, R. Raval, trans-1,2-dichloroethene on
Cu50Pd50(110) alloy surface: dynamical changes in the adsorption, reaction, and surface
segregation. J. Catal. 227(1), 33–43 (2004)
88. D.H. Zhang, W. Shi, Dark current and infrared absorption of p-doped InGaAs/AlGaAs strained
quantum wells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(8), 1095–1097 (1998)
89. Y.X. Dang, W.J. Fan, S.T. Ng, S.F. Yoon, D.H. Zhang, Study of interdiffusion in GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well structure emitting at 1.3 mu m by eight-band k center dot p method.
J. Appl. Phys. 97(10), 103718 (2005)
90. G. Liu, T.P. St Clair, D.W. Goodman, An XPS study of the interaction of ultrathin Cu films
with Pd(111). J. Phys. Chem. B 103(40), 8578–8582 (1999)
91. M. Khanuja, B.R. Mehta, S.M. Shivaprasad, Geometric and electronic changes during
interface alloy formation in Cu/Pd bimetal layers. Thin Solid Films 516, 5435–5439 (2008)
92. M.A. Newton, The oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol at the CuPd[85: 15]{110} p(2x1)
and Cu{110} surfaces: effects of alloying on reactivity and reaction pathways. J. Catal. 182(2),
357–366 (1999)
93. A.M. Venezia, L.F. Liotta, G. Deganello, Z. Schay, L. Guczi, Characterization of pumicesupported Ag–Pd and Cu–Pd bimetallic catalysts by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
X-ray diffraction. J. Catal. 182(2), 449–455 (1999)
94. H. Amandusson, L.G. Ekedahl, H. Dannetun, Hydrogen permeation through surface modified
Pd and PdAg membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 193(1), 35–47 (2001)
95. C.L. Lee, Y.C. Huang, L.C. Kuo, High catalytic potential of Ag/Pd nanoparticles from selfregulated reduction method on electroless Ni deposition. Electrochem. Commun. 8(6), 1021–
1026 (2006)
96. J. Lin, A. Wang, B. Qiao, X. Liu, X. Yang, X. Wang, J. Liang, J. Li, J. Liu, T. Zhang,
Remarkable performance of Ir1/FeOx single-atom catalyst in water gas shift reaction. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 135(41), 15314–15317 (2013)
97. W. Liu, L. Zhang, W. Yan, X. Liu, X. Yang, S. Miao, W. Wang, A. Wang, T. Zhang, Singleatom dispersed Co–N–C catalyst: structure identification and performance for hydrogenative
coupling of nitroarenes. Chem. Sci. 7(9), 5758–5764 (2016)
1 Introduction
77. P. Jakob, M. Gsell, D. Menzel, Interactions of adsorbates with locally strained substrate
lattices. J. Chem. Phys. 114(22), 10075–10085 (2001)
78. M. Gsell, P. Jakob, D. Menzel, Effect of substrate strain on adsorption. Science 280(5364),
717–720 (1998)
79. J. Wintterlin, T. Zambelli, J. Trost, J. Greeley, M. Mavrikakis, Atomic-scale evidence for an
enhanced catalytic reactivity of stretched surfaces. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42(25), 2850–2853
(2003)
80. B. Richter, H. Kuhlenbeck, H.J. Freund, P.S. Bagus, Cluster core-level binding-energy shifts:
the role of lattice strain. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2), 026805 (2004)
81. Y. Chen, Z. Huang, X. Gu, Z. Ma, J. Chen, X. Tang, Top-down synthesis strategies: maximum
noble-metal atom efficiency in catalytic materials. Chin. J. Catal. 38(9), 1588–1596 (2017)
82. T. Andersson, C. Zhang, O. Björneholm, M.H. Mikkelä, K. Jänkälä, D. Anin, S. Urpelainen,
M. Huttula, M. Tchaplyguine, Electronic structure transformation in small bare Au clusters
as seen by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 50(1), 015102
(2016)
83. B. Hammer, J.K. Norskov, Why gold is the noblest of all the metals. Nature 376(6537),
238–240 (1995)
84. J.A. Rodriguez, D.W. Goodman, The nature of the metal metal bond in bimetallic surfaces.
Science 257(5072), 897–903 (1992)
85. P. Kamakoti, B.D. Morreale, M.V. Ciocco, B.H. Howard, R.P. Killmeyer, A.V. Cugini, D.S.
Sholl, Prediction of hydrogen flux through sulfur-tolerant binary alloy membranes. Science
307(5709), 569–573 (2005)
86. E.B. Fox, S. Velu, M.H. Engelhard, Y.H. Chin, J.T. Miller, J. Kropf, C.S. Song, Characterization of CeO 2 -supported Cu–Pd bimetallic catalyst for the oxygen-assisted water-gas shift
reaction. J. Catal. 260(2), 358–370 (2008)
87. L.H. Bloxham, S. Haq, Y. Yugnet, J.C. Bertolini, R. Raval, trans-1,2-dichloroethene on
Cu50Pd50(110) alloy surface: dynamical changes in the adsorption, reaction, and surface
segregation. J. Catal. 227(1), 33–43 (2004)
88. D.H. Zhang, W. Shi, Dark current and infrared absorption of p-doped InGaAs/AlGaAs strained
quantum wells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(8), 1095–1097 (1998)
89. Y.X. Dang, W.J. Fan, S.T. Ng, S.F. Yoon, D.H. Zhang, Study of interdiffusion in GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well structure emitting at 1.3 mu m by eight-band k center dot p method.
J. Appl. Phys. 97(10), 103718 (2005)
90. G. Liu, T.P. St Clair, D.W. Goodman, An XPS study of the interaction of ultrathin Cu films
with Pd(111). J. Phys. Chem. B 103(40), 8578–8582 (1999)
91. M. Khanuja, B.R. Mehta, S.M. Shivaprasad, Geometric and electronic changes during
interface alloy formation in Cu/Pd bimetal layers. Thin Solid Films 516, 5435–5439 (2008)
92. M.A. Newton, The oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol at the CuPd[85: 15]{110} p(2x1)
and Cu{110} surfaces: effects of alloying on reactivity and reaction pathways. J. Catal. 182(2),
357–366 (1999)
93. A.M. Venezia, L.F. Liotta, G. Deganello, Z. Schay, L. Guczi, Characterization of pumicesupported Ag–Pd and Cu–Pd bimetallic catalysts by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
X-ray diffraction. J. Catal. 182(2), 449–455 (1999)
94. H. Amandusson, L.G. Ekedahl, H. Dannetun, Hydrogen permeation through surface modified
Pd and PdAg membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 193(1), 35–47 (2001)
95. C.L. Lee, Y.C. Huang, L.C. Kuo, High catalytic potential of Ag/Pd nanoparticles from selfregulated reduction method on electroless Ni deposition. Electrochem. Commun. 8(6), 1021–
1026 (2006)
96. J. Lin, A. Wang, B. Qiao, X. Liu, X. Yang, X. Wang, J. Liang, J. Li, J. Liu, T. Zhang,
Remarkable performance of Ir1/FeOx single-atom catalyst in water gas shift reaction. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 135(41), 15314–15317 (2013)
97. W. Liu, L. Zhang, W. Yan, X. Liu, X. Yang, S. Miao, W. Wang, A. Wang, T. Zhang, Singleatom dispersed Co–N–C catalyst: structure identification and performance for hydrogenative
coupling of nitroarenes. Chem. Sci. 7(9), 5758–5764 (2016)