260
13 Introduction
7. C.Q. Sun, O-Cu(001): II. VLEED quantification of the four-stage Cu 3 O 2 bonding kinetics.
Surf. Rev. Lett. 8(6), 703–734 (2001)
8. C.Q. Sun, O-Cu(001): I. Binding the signatures of LEED, STM and PES in a bond-forming
way. Surf. Rev. Lett. 8(3–4), 367–402 (2001)
9. E. McRae, C. Caldwell, Absorptive potential in nickel from very low energy electron reflection
at Ni (001) surface. Surf. Sci. 57(2), 766–770 (1976)
10. V. Strocov, H. Starnberg, P. Nilsson, H. Brauer, L. Holleboom, New method for absolute
band structure determination by combining photoemission with very-low-energy electron
diffraction: application to layered VSe 2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(3), 467 (1997)
11. V. Strocov, P. Blaha, H. Starnberg, M. Rohlfing, R. Claessen, J.-M. Debever, J.-M. Themlin,
Three-dimensional unoccupied band structure of graphite: very-low-energy electron diffraction
and band calculations. Phys. Rev. B 61(7), 4994 (2000)
12. V. Strocov, Intrinsic accuracy in 3-dimensional photoemission band mapping. J. Electron
Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 130(1), 65–78 (2003)
13. V.N. Strocov, R. Claessen, G. Nicolay, S. Hüfner, A. Kimura, A. Harasawa, S. Shin, A. Kakizaki,
P. Nilsson, H. Starnberg, Absolute band mapping by combined angle-dependent very-lowenergy electron diffraction and photoemission: application to Cu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(22),
4943 (1998)
14. R. Jaklevic, L. Davis, Band signatures in the low-energy-electron reflectance spectra of fcc
metals. Phys. Rev. B 26(10), 5391 (1982)
15. L.R. Bedell, H. Farnsworth, A study of the (00) LEED beam intensity at normal incidence from
CdS (0001), Cu (001), Cu (111), and Ni (111). Surf. Sci. 41(1), 165–194 (1974)
16. R. Feder, P. Jennings, R. Jones, Spin-polarization in LEED: a comparison of theoretical
predictions. Surf. Sci. 61(2), 307–316 (1976)
17. P.J. Møller, S. Komolov, E. Lazneva, VLEED from a ZnO (0001) substructure. Surf. Sci. 307,
1177–1181 (1994)
18. H. Pfnür, M. Lindroos, D. Menzel, Investigation of adsorbates with low energy electron
diffraction at very low energies (VLEED). Surf. Sci. 248(1–2), 1–10 (1991)
19. C.Q. Sun, Oxidation electronics: bond-band-barrier correlation and its applications. Prog. Mater
Sci. 48(6), 521–685 (2003)
20. C.Q. Sun, Relaxation of the chemical bond. Spr. Ser. Chem. Phys. 108, 807 (Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg, 2014)
21. E. McRae, Electronic surface resonances of crystals. Rev. Mod. Phys. 51(3), 541 (1979)
22. S. Papadia, M. Persson, L.-A. Salmi, Image-potential-induced resonances at free-electron-like
metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 41(14), 10237 (1990)
23. C.Q. Sun, Angular-resolved VLEED from O-Cu(001): valence bands, chemical bonds, potential
barrier, and energy states. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 11(25), 3073–3091 (1997)
24. G. Hitchen, S. Thurgate, Azimuthal angular dependence of LEED fine structure from Cu (001).
Surf. Sci. 197(1–2), 24–34 (1988)
25. G. Hitchen, S. Thurgate, Determination of azimuth angle, incidence angle, and contactpotential difference for low-energy electron-diffraction fine-structure measurements. Phys.
Rev. B 38(13), 8668 (1988)
26. M. Lindroos, H. Pfnür, D. Menzel, Theoretical and experimental study of the unoccupied
electronic band structure of Ru (001) by electron reflection. Phys. Rev. B 33(10), 6684 (1986)
27. I. Bartoš, M. Van Hove, M. Altman, Cu (111) electron band structure and channeling by
VLEED. Surf. Sci. 352, 660–664 (1996)
28. W. Jacob, V. Dose, A. Goldmann, Atomic adsorption of oxygen on Cu (111) and Cu (110).
Appl. Phys. A 41(2), 145–150 (1986)
29. J.-M. Baribeau, J.-D. Carette, P. Jennings, R. Jones, Low-energy-electron-diffraction fine
structure in W (001) for energies from 0 to 35 eV. Phys. Rev. B 32(10), 6131 (1985)
30. E. Tamura, R. Feder, J. Krewer, R. Kirby, E. Kisker, E.L. Garwin, F. King, Energy-dependence
of inner potential in Fe from low-energy electron absorption (target current). Solid State
Commun. 55(6), 543–547 (1985)
13 Introduction
7. C.Q. Sun, O-Cu(001): II. VLEED quantification of the four-stage Cu 3 O 2 bonding kinetics.
Surf. Rev. Lett. 8(6), 703–734 (2001)
8. C.Q. Sun, O-Cu(001): I. Binding the signatures of LEED, STM and PES in a bond-forming
way. Surf. Rev. Lett. 8(3–4), 367–402 (2001)
9. E. McRae, C. Caldwell, Absorptive potential in nickel from very low energy electron reflection
at Ni (001) surface. Surf. Sci. 57(2), 766–770 (1976)
10. V. Strocov, H. Starnberg, P. Nilsson, H. Brauer, L. Holleboom, New method for absolute
band structure determination by combining photoemission with very-low-energy electron
diffraction: application to layered VSe 2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(3), 467 (1997)
11. V. Strocov, P. Blaha, H. Starnberg, M. Rohlfing, R. Claessen, J.-M. Debever, J.-M. Themlin,
Three-dimensional unoccupied band structure of graphite: very-low-energy electron diffraction
and band calculations. Phys. Rev. B 61(7), 4994 (2000)
12. V. Strocov, Intrinsic accuracy in 3-dimensional photoemission band mapping. J. Electron
Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 130(1), 65–78 (2003)
13. V.N. Strocov, R. Claessen, G. Nicolay, S. Hüfner, A. Kimura, A. Harasawa, S. Shin, A. Kakizaki,
P. Nilsson, H. Starnberg, Absolute band mapping by combined angle-dependent very-lowenergy electron diffraction and photoemission: application to Cu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(22),
4943 (1998)
14. R. Jaklevic, L. Davis, Band signatures in the low-energy-electron reflectance spectra of fcc
metals. Phys. Rev. B 26(10), 5391 (1982)
15. L.R. Bedell, H. Farnsworth, A study of the (00) LEED beam intensity at normal incidence from
CdS (0001), Cu (001), Cu (111), and Ni (111). Surf. Sci. 41(1), 165–194 (1974)
16. R. Feder, P. Jennings, R. Jones, Spin-polarization in LEED: a comparison of theoretical
predictions. Surf. Sci. 61(2), 307–316 (1976)
17. P.J. Møller, S. Komolov, E. Lazneva, VLEED from a ZnO (0001) substructure. Surf. Sci. 307,
1177–1181 (1994)
18. H. Pfnür, M. Lindroos, D. Menzel, Investigation of adsorbates with low energy electron
diffraction at very low energies (VLEED). Surf. Sci. 248(1–2), 1–10 (1991)
19. C.Q. Sun, Oxidation electronics: bond-band-barrier correlation and its applications. Prog. Mater
Sci. 48(6), 521–685 (2003)
20. C.Q. Sun, Relaxation of the chemical bond. Spr. Ser. Chem. Phys. 108, 807 (Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg, 2014)
21. E. McRae, Electronic surface resonances of crystals. Rev. Mod. Phys. 51(3), 541 (1979)
22. S. Papadia, M. Persson, L.-A. Salmi, Image-potential-induced resonances at free-electron-like
metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 41(14), 10237 (1990)
23. C.Q. Sun, Angular-resolved VLEED from O-Cu(001): valence bands, chemical bonds, potential
barrier, and energy states. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 11(25), 3073–3091 (1997)
24. G. Hitchen, S. Thurgate, Azimuthal angular dependence of LEED fine structure from Cu (001).
Surf. Sci. 197(1–2), 24–34 (1988)
25. G. Hitchen, S. Thurgate, Determination of azimuth angle, incidence angle, and contactpotential difference for low-energy electron-diffraction fine-structure measurements. Phys.
Rev. B 38(13), 8668 (1988)
26. M. Lindroos, H. Pfnür, D. Menzel, Theoretical and experimental study of the unoccupied
electronic band structure of Ru (001) by electron reflection. Phys. Rev. B 33(10), 6684 (1986)
27. I. Bartoš, M. Van Hove, M. Altman, Cu (111) electron band structure and channeling by
VLEED. Surf. Sci. 352, 660–664 (1996)
28. W. Jacob, V. Dose, A. Goldmann, Atomic adsorption of oxygen on Cu (111) and Cu (110).
Appl. Phys. A 41(2), 145–150 (1986)
29. J.-M. Baribeau, J.-D. Carette, P. Jennings, R. Jones, Low-energy-electron-diffraction fine
structure in W (001) for energies from 0 to 35 eV. Phys. Rev. B 32(10), 6131 (1985)
30. E. Tamura, R. Feder, J. Krewer, R. Kirby, E. Kisker, E.L. Garwin, F. King, Energy-dependence
of inner potential in Fe from low-energy electron absorption (target current). Solid State
Commun. 55(6), 543–547 (1985)