Chapter 7
Carbon Allotropes
Abstract A combination of STM/S and ZPS confirms the BOLS-NEP prediction
that the C–C bond contraction, core electron entrapment, and valence electron subjective polarization occur when the atomic CN is reduced. Valence charge polarization
becomes dominance only at sites surrounding point defects or along the zigzag edges
of
√
3d atomic distance. Triple or quasi-triple bond formation prevents charge polarization at the graphite monolayer skin and the armcharied or reconstructed zigzag
edges of graphene. As a carrier of topological insulators, Dirac-Fermi polariton forms
from the isolation and polarization of the unpaired, spin-resolved, dangling σ bond
electron at the excessively undercoordinated atomic sites.
Highlights
• Two-coordinated C–C bonds contract by 30% associated with 150% energy gain
and polarization.
• Three-coordinated C–C bonds shorten by 19% with 68% energy gain and
entrapment dominance.
• Dirac-Fermion forms along the zizag-edge by dangling-bond charge isolation and
polarization.
• Shorter C–C length inhibits Dirac-Fermion formation at the armchaired or
reconstructed z-edge.
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Wonders of CNTs and GNRs
Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the earlier 1990s [1], there has
been ever-increasing interest in the new forms of carbon because of not only the novel
structures and properties that the bulk graphite or diamond do not demonstrate but
also the potentially important applications in scientific and engineering thrusts such
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
C. Q. Sun, Electron and Phonon Spectrometrics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3176-7_7
143
Carbon Allotropes
Abstract A combination of STM/S and ZPS confirms the BOLS-NEP prediction
that the C–C bond contraction, core electron entrapment, and valence electron subjective polarization occur when the atomic CN is reduced. Valence charge polarization
becomes dominance only at sites surrounding point defects or along the zigzag edges
of
√
3d atomic distance. Triple or quasi-triple bond formation prevents charge polarization at the graphite monolayer skin and the armcharied or reconstructed zigzag
edges of graphene. As a carrier of topological insulators, Dirac-Fermi polariton forms
from the isolation and polarization of the unpaired, spin-resolved, dangling σ bond
electron at the excessively undercoordinated atomic sites.
Highlights
• Two-coordinated C–C bonds contract by 30% associated with 150% energy gain
and polarization.
• Three-coordinated C–C bonds shorten by 19% with 68% energy gain and
entrapment dominance.
• Dirac-Fermion forms along the zizag-edge by dangling-bond charge isolation and
polarization.
• Shorter C–C length inhibits Dirac-Fermion formation at the armchaired or
reconstructed z-edge.
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Wonders of CNTs and GNRs
Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the earlier 1990s [1], there has
been ever-increasing interest in the new forms of carbon because of not only the novel
structures and properties that the bulk graphite or diamond do not demonstrate but
also the potentially important applications in scientific and engineering thrusts such
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
C. Q. Sun, Electron and Phonon Spectrometrics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3176-7_7
143