demands for carbohydrates and nutrients (especially N, P, K) are high; (2) almost all
carbohydrates translocate to the sink, and all nutrients retranslate from old organs;
(3) root activity decreases drastically because no or few carbohydrates are supplied
to the roots; and 4) hormone (mainly cytokinin) production decreases drastically,
causing a reduction in photosynthetic activity in leaves (Osaki 1995a, b; Samejima
et al. 2004, 2005; He et al. 2005). When the root–shoot interactions of tropical field
crops are improved, high yields will be achieved in mineral soils, and there will be
no need to introduce annual field crops into tropical peatlands. Rhizosphere management techniques are being developed to support root–shoot interactions
(Yamamura et al. 2004; Unno et al. 2005; Purnomo et al. 2005; Wasaki et al.
2005, 2018; Niwa et al. 2008; Sato et al. 2009; Chu et al. 2016), and the basic
ideas behind these techniques are also described in Chap. 7, AeroHydro Culture.
Acknowledgments The ideas for the eco-management of tropical peatlands were mainly obtained
from the SATRREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development)
project entitled “Wild fire and carbon management in peat-forest in Indonesia” founded by JST
(Japan Science and Technology Agency) and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), the
IJ-REDD project founded by JICA, and the JICA-JPS-BRG Program among the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA, Japan), the Japan Peatland Society (JPS, Japan) and the Peatland
Restoration Agency (BRG, Indonesia).
References
Agren GI, Wetterstendt MJA, Billberger M (2012) Nutrient limitation on terrestrial plant growth –
modeling the interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus. New Phytol 194:953–960
Anderson JAR (1964) The structure and development of the peat swamps of Sarawak and Brunei. J
Trop Geogr 18:7–16
Andriesse JP (1988) Nature and management of tropical peat soils. No. 59. Food & Agriculture Org.
4.3.4 Exchange Characteristics
Atikah TD, Rahajoe JS, Kohyama TS (2014) Differentiation in architectural properties and functional traits of forest-floor saplings among heath, peat swamp, and mixed dipterocarp forests.
Tropics 22(4):157–167
Beer C, Reichstein M, Tomelleri E, Ciais P, Jung M, Carvalhais N, Rödenbeck C, Arain MA,
Baldocchi D, Bonan GB, Bondeau A, Cescatti A, Lasslop G, Lindroth A, Lomas M,
Luyssaert S, Margolis H, Oleson KW, Roupsard O, Veenendaal E, Viovy N, Williams C, Ian
Woodward F, Papale D (2010) Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and
covariation with climate. Science 329:834–838
Begum HH, Osaki M, Shinano T, Miyatake H, Wasaki J, Yamamura T, Watanabe T (2005) The
function of a maize-derived phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in phosphorus-deficient
transgenic rice. Soil Sci J Plant Nutr 51:497–506
Begum HH, Osaki M, Nanamori M, Watanabe T, Shinano T, Rao IM (2006) Role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the adaptation of a tropical forage grass to low-phosphorus acid
soils. J Plant Nutr 29:35–57
Chu Q, Sha Z, Nakamura T, Oka N, Osaki M, Watanabe T (2016) Differential responses of soybean
and sorghum growth, nitrogen uptake and microbial metabolism in the rhizosphere to cattle
manure application: a rhizobox study. J Agric Food Chem 64:8084–8094
Corner EJH (1978) The Freshwater swamp-forest of South Johore and Singapore. Botanic Gardens,
Parks & Recreation Dept, Singapore
54
M. Osaki et al.
carbohydrates translocate to the sink, and all nutrients retranslate from old organs;
(3) root activity decreases drastically because no or few carbohydrates are supplied
to the roots; and 4) hormone (mainly cytokinin) production decreases drastically,
causing a reduction in photosynthetic activity in leaves (Osaki 1995a, b; Samejima
et al. 2004, 2005; He et al. 2005). When the root–shoot interactions of tropical field
crops are improved, high yields will be achieved in mineral soils, and there will be
no need to introduce annual field crops into tropical peatlands. Rhizosphere management techniques are being developed to support root–shoot interactions
(Yamamura et al. 2004; Unno et al. 2005; Purnomo et al. 2005; Wasaki et al.
2005, 2018; Niwa et al. 2008; Sato et al. 2009; Chu et al. 2016), and the basic
ideas behind these techniques are also described in Chap. 7, AeroHydro Culture.
Acknowledgments The ideas for the eco-management of tropical peatlands were mainly obtained
from the SATRREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development)
project entitled “Wild fire and carbon management in peat-forest in Indonesia” founded by JST
(Japan Science and Technology Agency) and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), the
IJ-REDD project founded by JICA, and the JICA-JPS-BRG Program among the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA, Japan), the Japan Peatland Society (JPS, Japan) and the Peatland
Restoration Agency (BRG, Indonesia).
References
Agren GI, Wetterstendt MJA, Billberger M (2012) Nutrient limitation on terrestrial plant growth –
modeling the interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus. New Phytol 194:953–960
Anderson JAR (1964) The structure and development of the peat swamps of Sarawak and Brunei. J
Trop Geogr 18:7–16
Andriesse JP (1988) Nature and management of tropical peat soils. No. 59. Food & Agriculture Org.
4.3.4 Exchange Characteristics
Atikah TD, Rahajoe JS, Kohyama TS (2014) Differentiation in architectural properties and functional traits of forest-floor saplings among heath, peat swamp, and mixed dipterocarp forests.
Tropics 22(4):157–167
Beer C, Reichstein M, Tomelleri E, Ciais P, Jung M, Carvalhais N, Rödenbeck C, Arain MA,
Baldocchi D, Bonan GB, Bondeau A, Cescatti A, Lasslop G, Lindroth A, Lomas M,
Luyssaert S, Margolis H, Oleson KW, Roupsard O, Veenendaal E, Viovy N, Williams C, Ian
Woodward F, Papale D (2010) Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and
covariation with climate. Science 329:834–838
Begum HH, Osaki M, Shinano T, Miyatake H, Wasaki J, Yamamura T, Watanabe T (2005) The
function of a maize-derived phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in phosphorus-deficient
transgenic rice. Soil Sci J Plant Nutr 51:497–506
Begum HH, Osaki M, Nanamori M, Watanabe T, Shinano T, Rao IM (2006) Role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the adaptation of a tropical forage grass to low-phosphorus acid
soils. J Plant Nutr 29:35–57
Chu Q, Sha Z, Nakamura T, Oka N, Osaki M, Watanabe T (2016) Differential responses of soybean
and sorghum growth, nitrogen uptake and microbial metabolism in the rhizosphere to cattle
manure application: a rhizobox study. J Agric Food Chem 64:8084–8094
Corner EJH (1978) The Freshwater swamp-forest of South Johore and Singapore. Botanic Gardens,
Parks & Recreation Dept, Singapore
54
M. Osaki et al.