The opportunities for the development of restoration include: (1) promoting the
local wisdom in peatland utilization, (2) promoting and developing the indigenous
peatland commodities, (3) awareness raising on the restoration of degraded
peatlands, (4) incorporating restoration in the climate change adaptation and mitigation program, and (5) applying science and technology in the protection and
management of peatland ecosystem.
The biggest challenges in the implementation of restoration are to rewet the
drained peatlands and to increase the water level by developing canal blockings
and rewetting in the location where many canals in the said peatlands have been
established and dried up the peatlands. Other challenges for the development of
restoration include: (1) limited access to information on peatland ecosystem; (2) limited commodities with high economic values that can be developed on wet and
rewetted peatlands; (3) no market access for restoration commodities; and (4) different cultivation background of the communities.
Thus, the challenges and opportunities in the restoration practice may become the
driver for the improvement of sustainable and responsible peatland management.
This requires commitment and political will from the national and local government
as well as all relevant stakeholders to better manage the peatland ecosystem.
Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by two institutions, i.e. the Indonesian
Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) and the Banjarbaru Environment and Forestry Research and
Development Institute, South Kalimantan.
Yuwati TW, Rachmanadi D, Qirom MA, Santosa PB, Kusin K designed and conducted the
research, while Yuwati TW, Rachmanadi D, Qirom MA, Santosa PB, Kusin K, and Tata HL
altogether wrote and agreed with the content of the manuscript.
References
Armstrong W, Beckett PM, Colmer TD, Setter TL, Greenway H (2019) Tolerance of roots to low
oxygen: ‘anoxic’ cores, the phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle, and energy or oxygen sensing. J
Plant Physiol 239:92–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.04.010
Bailey-Serres J, Lee SC, Brinton E (2012) Waterproofing crops: effective flooding survival
strategies. Plant Physiol 160:1698–1709
BEFORDI (2017) Laporan Hasil Penelitian “Riset Paludikultur di Kalimantan” kerjasama Balai
Litbang LHK Banjarbaru dengan Badan Restorasi Gambut. Banjarbaru
Giesen W (2004) Causes of peat swamp forest degradation in Berbak National Park and recommendations for restoration. Water for Food and Ecosystems Programme Project on “Promoting
the River Basin and Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Management of SE Asian Lowland
Peat Swamp Forests.” ARCADIS Euroconsult. Wageningen, 126p
Graham LLB, Giesen W, Page SE (2017) A common-sense approach to tropical peat swamp forest
restoration in Southeast Asia. Restor Ecol 25(2):312–321
Hirano T, Segah H, Harada T, Limin S, June T, Hirata R, Osaki M (2007) Carbon dioxide balance
of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Glob Chang Biol 13(2):412–425
Hirano T, Segah H, Kusin K, Limin S, Takahashi H, Osaki M (2012) Effects of disturbances on the
carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Glob Chang Biol 18:3410–3422
Hooijer A, Page S, Jauhiainen J, Lee WA, Lu XX, Idris A, Anshari G (2012) Subsidence and carbon
loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences 9:1071–2012
21 Peatland Restoration in Central Kalimantan by Rewetting and Rehabilitation with. . .
609
local wisdom in peatland utilization, (2) promoting and developing the indigenous
peatland commodities, (3) awareness raising on the restoration of degraded
peatlands, (4) incorporating restoration in the climate change adaptation and mitigation program, and (5) applying science and technology in the protection and
management of peatland ecosystem.
The biggest challenges in the implementation of restoration are to rewet the
drained peatlands and to increase the water level by developing canal blockings
and rewetting in the location where many canals in the said peatlands have been
established and dried up the peatlands. Other challenges for the development of
restoration include: (1) limited access to information on peatland ecosystem; (2) limited commodities with high economic values that can be developed on wet and
rewetted peatlands; (3) no market access for restoration commodities; and (4) different cultivation background of the communities.
Thus, the challenges and opportunities in the restoration practice may become the
driver for the improvement of sustainable and responsible peatland management.
This requires commitment and political will from the national and local government
as well as all relevant stakeholders to better manage the peatland ecosystem.
Acknowledgments This study was financially supported by two institutions, i.e. the Indonesian
Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) and the Banjarbaru Environment and Forestry Research and
Development Institute, South Kalimantan.
Yuwati TW, Rachmanadi D, Qirom MA, Santosa PB, Kusin K designed and conducted the
research, while Yuwati TW, Rachmanadi D, Qirom MA, Santosa PB, Kusin K, and Tata HL
altogether wrote and agreed with the content of the manuscript.
References
Armstrong W, Beckett PM, Colmer TD, Setter TL, Greenway H (2019) Tolerance of roots to low
oxygen: ‘anoxic’ cores, the phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle, and energy or oxygen sensing. J
Plant Physiol 239:92–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.04.010
Bailey-Serres J, Lee SC, Brinton E (2012) Waterproofing crops: effective flooding survival
strategies. Plant Physiol 160:1698–1709
BEFORDI (2017) Laporan Hasil Penelitian “Riset Paludikultur di Kalimantan” kerjasama Balai
Litbang LHK Banjarbaru dengan Badan Restorasi Gambut. Banjarbaru
Giesen W (2004) Causes of peat swamp forest degradation in Berbak National Park and recommendations for restoration. Water for Food and Ecosystems Programme Project on “Promoting
the River Basin and Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Management of SE Asian Lowland
Peat Swamp Forests.” ARCADIS Euroconsult. Wageningen, 126p
Graham LLB, Giesen W, Page SE (2017) A common-sense approach to tropical peat swamp forest
restoration in Southeast Asia. Restor Ecol 25(2):312–321
Hirano T, Segah H, Harada T, Limin S, June T, Hirata R, Osaki M (2007) Carbon dioxide balance
of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Glob Chang Biol 13(2):412–425
Hirano T, Segah H, Kusin K, Limin S, Takahashi H, Osaki M (2012) Effects of disturbances on the
carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests. Glob Chang Biol 18:3410–3422
Hooijer A, Page S, Jauhiainen J, Lee WA, Lu XX, Idris A, Anshari G (2012) Subsidence and carbon
loss in drained tropical peatlands. Biogeosciences 9:1071–2012
21 Peatland Restoration in Central Kalimantan by Rewetting and Rehabilitation with. . .
609