Soil Survey Staff (2011) Soil taxonomy a basic system of soil classification for making and
interpreting soil surveys, 11th edn. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington,
DC, p 754
Spokas KA, Novak JM, Venterea RT (2012) Biochar’s role as an alternative N fertilizer: ammonia
capture. Plant Soil 350:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0930-8
Stavropoulos GG (2005) Precursor materials suitability for super activated carbons production. Fuel
Process Technol 86:1165–1173
Steiner C, Teixeira W, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo J, Blum W, Zech W (2007) Long term
effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly
weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant Soil 291:275–290
Stewart CE, Zheng J, Botte J, Cotrufo MF (2013) Co-generated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates
greenhouse gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils. GCB
Bioenergy 5:153–164
Subagyo H (2006) Lahan Rawa Lebak. In: Karakteristik dan Pengelolaan Lahan Rawa. Balai Besar
Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Bogor, pp 99–116
Subagyo H, Suharta N, Siswanto AB (2000) Tanah-tanah pertanian di Indonesia. In: Sumberdaya
Lahan Indonesia dan Pengelolaannya. Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor, pp 21–66
Sukartono, Utomo WH (2012) Peranan biochar sebagai pembenah tanah pada pertanaman jagung di
tanah lempung berpasir (sandy loam) semiarid tropis Lombok Utara. Buana Sains 12(1):91–98
Sutono S, Nurida NL (2012) Kemampuan biochar memegang air pada tanah bertekstur pasir. Buana
Sains 12(1):45–52
Suwardji, Sukartono, Utomo WH (2012) Kemantapan agregrat setelah aplikasi biochar di tanah
lempung berpasir pada pertanaman jagung di lahan kering Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Buana
Sains 12(1):61–68
Taylor MD, Kim ND, Hill R, Stevenson BA (2010) Comparison of soil quality targets and
background concentrations in soil of the Waikato Region, New Zealand. In: 19th World
congress of soil science, soil solutions for a changing world, 16 August 2010, Brisbane,
Australia
Thies JE, Rillig MC (2009) Characteristics of biochar: biological properties (Ch.6). In: Lehmann J,
Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan, Gateshead, pp 85–105
Titiz B, Sanford RL (2007) Soil charcoal in old‐growth rain forests from sea level to the continental
divide. Biotropica 39:673–682
Uzun BB, Putun AE, Putun E (2006) Fast pyrolysis of soybean cake: product yields and composition. Bioresour Technol 97(4):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.026
Vaegele E (2013) ACR accepting comments on biochar methodology for carbon credits. Biomass,
Oct 2013
Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph S, Cowie A (2010) Effect
of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility.
Plant Soil 327:235–246
Wang J, Pan X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z (2012) Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on
greenhouse gas emissions and crop production. Plant Soil 360:287–298. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11104-012-1250-3
Warnock DD, Lehmann J, Kuyper TW, Rillig MC (2007) Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil –
concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil 300:9–20
Widjaja H (2002) Penyimpanan karbon dalam tanah alternatif carbon sink dari pertanian
konservasi. PPS Ilmu Tanah, IPB, Bogor
Widowati W, Asnah A, Sutoyo S (2012) Pengaruh penggunaan biochar dan pupuk kalium terhadap
pencucian dan serapan kalium pada tanaman jagung. Buana Sains 1:83–90
Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott A, Lehmann J, Joseph S (2010) Sustainable 218 biochar to
mitigate global climate change. Nat Commun 1:219. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1053
Xiao L, Wei J, Yuan GD, Bi DX, Wang J, Feng LR (2019) Biochars made in the field using coupled
oxygen-limiting and mist spraying technique and their properties. J Southwest Univ (Nat Sci
Ed) 41(6):15–20
360
E. Maftuah et al.
interpreting soil surveys, 11th edn. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington,
DC, p 754
Spokas KA, Novak JM, Venterea RT (2012) Biochar’s role as an alternative N fertilizer: ammonia
capture. Plant Soil 350:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0930-8
Stavropoulos GG (2005) Precursor materials suitability for super activated carbons production. Fuel
Process Technol 86:1165–1173
Steiner C, Teixeira W, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo J, Blum W, Zech W (2007) Long term
effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly
weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant Soil 291:275–290
Stewart CE, Zheng J, Botte J, Cotrufo MF (2013) Co-generated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates
greenhouse gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils. GCB
Bioenergy 5:153–164
Subagyo H (2006) Lahan Rawa Lebak. In: Karakteristik dan Pengelolaan Lahan Rawa. Balai Besar
Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Bogor, pp 99–116
Subagyo H, Suharta N, Siswanto AB (2000) Tanah-tanah pertanian di Indonesia. In: Sumberdaya
Lahan Indonesia dan Pengelolaannya. Pusat Penelitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor, pp 21–66
Sukartono, Utomo WH (2012) Peranan biochar sebagai pembenah tanah pada pertanaman jagung di
tanah lempung berpasir (sandy loam) semiarid tropis Lombok Utara. Buana Sains 12(1):91–98
Sutono S, Nurida NL (2012) Kemampuan biochar memegang air pada tanah bertekstur pasir. Buana
Sains 12(1):45–52
Suwardji, Sukartono, Utomo WH (2012) Kemantapan agregrat setelah aplikasi biochar di tanah
lempung berpasir pada pertanaman jagung di lahan kering Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Buana
Sains 12(1):61–68
Taylor MD, Kim ND, Hill R, Stevenson BA (2010) Comparison of soil quality targets and
background concentrations in soil of the Waikato Region, New Zealand. In: 19th World
congress of soil science, soil solutions for a changing world, 16 August 2010, Brisbane,
Australia
Thies JE, Rillig MC (2009) Characteristics of biochar: biological properties (Ch.6). In: Lehmann J,
Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan, Gateshead, pp 85–105
Titiz B, Sanford RL (2007) Soil charcoal in old‐growth rain forests from sea level to the continental
divide. Biotropica 39:673–682
Uzun BB, Putun AE, Putun E (2006) Fast pyrolysis of soybean cake: product yields and composition. Bioresour Technol 97(4):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.026
Vaegele E (2013) ACR accepting comments on biochar methodology for carbon credits. Biomass,
Oct 2013
Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph S, Cowie A (2010) Effect
of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility.
Plant Soil 327:235–246
Wang J, Pan X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z (2012) Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on
greenhouse gas emissions and crop production. Plant Soil 360:287–298. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11104-012-1250-3
Warnock DD, Lehmann J, Kuyper TW, Rillig MC (2007) Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil –
concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil 300:9–20
Widjaja H (2002) Penyimpanan karbon dalam tanah alternatif carbon sink dari pertanian
konservasi. PPS Ilmu Tanah, IPB, Bogor
Widowati W, Asnah A, Sutoyo S (2012) Pengaruh penggunaan biochar dan pupuk kalium terhadap
pencucian dan serapan kalium pada tanaman jagung. Buana Sains 1:83–90
Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott A, Lehmann J, Joseph S (2010) Sustainable 218 biochar to
mitigate global climate change. Nat Commun 1:219. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1053
Xiao L, Wei J, Yuan GD, Bi DX, Wang J, Feng LR (2019) Biochars made in the field using coupled
oxygen-limiting and mist spraying technique and their properties. J Southwest Univ (Nat Sci
Ed) 41(6):15–20
360
E. Maftuah et al.